Soil pH measurement

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Table of contents

1 Introduction 
1.1 General Introduction
1.2 Background
1.3 Objective and outline of the thesis
2 Material and Methods 
2.1 Site description
2.1.1 Grassland
Laqueuille, France
Oensingen, Switzerland
Reeuwijk, Netherlands
2.1.2 Cropland
Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
Carlow, Ireland
2.2 Soil sampling and soil organic carbon (SOC) analysis method
2.2.1 Soil sampling method
2.2.2 Soil pH measurement
2.2.3 Soil fractionation method
2.2.4 Carbon and Nitrogen analysis
2.2.5 Eddy-covariance flux data
2.3 Process-based models
2.3.1 Rothamsted Carbon (RothC) -26.3 model
2.3.2 Denitrification / Decomposition Model (DNDC)
2.3.3 DayCent
2.3.4 Pasture Simulation Model (PaSim)
2.3.5 Model initialisation
Applying measured SOC fractions to the model SOC pools
Model initialisation methods
Spin-up run initialisation repeating average recent management
data and 1901-2010 weather data (Control)
Spin-up initialisation reducing or increasing C input (plant litter and organic carbon manure input)
The observed SOC fraction data initialisation (ObSOC)
3 Effect of soil characteristics and agricultural management on Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) pools in European grasslands and cropland – soil profile and soil fractions 
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Site description
3.2.2 Soil sampling and analysis method
Soil fractionation
Carbon and Nitrogen analysis
3.2.3 Statistical analysis
3.3 Results
3.4 Discussion
3.5 Conclusion
4 Soil organic carbon (SOC) equilibrium and model initialisation methods for the Rothamsted Carbon (RothC) model -26.3 
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methods
4.2.1 Site description
4.2.2 Soil sampling and analysis method
Soil fractionation
Carbon and Nitrogen analysis
4.2.3 Measurement data application to model
Soil Organic Carbon Pools calculation
RothC-26.3 model input data preparation
RothC-26.3 model run
Spin-up run initialisation using the recent management and 1901- 2010 weather data (Control)
Spin-up initialisation involving a reduction or an increase in C input (plant litter and organic carbon manure input)
The observed SOC fraction data initialisation (ObSOC)
4.2.4 Statistical analysis
4.3 Result
4.4 Discussion
4.5 Conclusion
5 Impact of the initialisation method on the simulation of grassland carbon fluxes using detailed soil organic carbon data and alternative models – a case study 
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.3 Results
5.4 Discussion and conclusion
6 Synthesis