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Table of contents
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Purpose and research question
1.3 Outline
1.4 Method and material
1.5 Scope
2. THE CONCEPT OF NON-REFOULEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
2.1 The Refugee Convention
2.1.1 The exception in article 33(2)
2.2 Non-refoulement in human rights law
2.2.1 Non-refoulement in human rights jurisprudence
2.2.2 Interpretation of ill-treatment under ECHR
2.4 Customary law – State practice and opinio juris
3. PERSONS UNDESERVING OF PROTECTION: THE EXCLUSION CLAUSES IN ARTICLE 1F OF THE REFUGEE CONVENTION
3.1 The background and purpose of the exclusion clauses
3.2 Grounds for exclusion in Article 1F
3.2.1 1F(a) – international crimes
3.2.2 1F(b) – serious non-political crimes
3.2.2.1 The temporal and geographical limitation
3.2.3 1F(c) – acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the UN
3.3 Article 1F in relation to cancellation and revocation of refugee status .
3.4 The relationship between Articles 1F and 33(2)
3.5 A clash between refugee law and human rights law
4. EFFECTS OF UNDESIRABLE BUT UNREMOVABLE REFUGEES .
4.1 A note on the volume of the problem
4.2 Current State responses
4.2.1 Canada & Australia
4.2.2. Europe
4.3. Effects on individual level – legal limbo
4.4 A questionable revocation of refugee status
4.5 Effects on the State – providing a “safe haven”? Unreturnable refugees and prosecution
4.5.1 Exclusion and prosecution – the main concerns
4.5.2 A safe haven?
4.6 Effects on the integrity of refugee law
5 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
5.1 Temporary residence permits to avoid legal limbo
5.2 Decreasing the number of unreturnables through diplomatic assurances
5.3 Using administrative detention to address serious threats to national security and public safety
5.4 Challenging the nature of the principle of non-refoulement
6 CONCLUSIONS
6.1 The principle of non-refoulement should be absolute in nature
6.2 The principle of non-refoulement should cover ill-treatment
6.3 Securitization, broad definitions of criminality and the expansion of exclusion is more alarming than the expansion of non-refoulement
6.4 Judicial review and procedural safeguards might be most important.
7 SUMMARY
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
