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Table of contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Context
1.2 Snow avalanche formation
1.3 Snow types
1.4 The scope of the thesis
2 State of the art: snow under shear and normal loading
2.1 Experimental investigations
2.1.1 Constitutive mechanical behaviour of snow
2.1.2 Slab-weak layer system response
2.2 Numerical modelling approaches
2.2.1 Constitutive mechanical behaviour of snow
2.2.2 Slab-weak layer system response
2.3 Scientific questions and approach
2.4 Structure of the thesis
3 Discrete element method
3.1 YADE computing procedure
3.1.1 Collision detection
3.1.2 Strain evaluation
3.1.3 Contact force evaluation
3.1.4 Motion integration
3.2 Computational considerations
4 A medial axis based method for irregular grain shape representation in DEM simulations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 A medial axis based grain approximating method
4.2.1 The medial axis transformation
4.2.2 The grain approximating process
4.3 Geometrical evaluation of grain approximation
4.4 Application of the developed grain approximating algorithm to a granular material
4.4.1 Geometrical sensitivity analysis
4.4.2 The e↵ect of grain approximation on the mechanical behaviour of the granular material
4.5 Conclusions
4.A Modelling grain contacts
5 Mixed-mode loading simulation of snow
5.1 Samples
5.2 Boundary conditions and loading
5.3 Material parameters
5.3.1 Density
5.3.2 Young’s modulus
5.4 Timestep
5.5 Grain approximation
5.6 Conclusions
6 Snow failure modes under mixed loading
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods
6.3 Results
6.4 Discussion and conclusions
7 A microstructural investigation of snow failure under mixedmode loading
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Discrete element simulations
7.3 Macroscopic response
7.4 Microscopic investigation
7.4.1 Contact force distribution
7.4.2 Force chain analysis
7.4.3 Force distribution within force chains
7.4.4 Force distribution around force chains
7.5 Conclusions
7.A Analysis of the spatial distribution of damage in the snow sample
7.A.1 Spatial distribution of damage at failure
7.A.2 Damage clustering
8 Conclusion and perspectives
8.1 Conclusion
8.1.1 Numerical tools for snow mechanics
8.1.2 Insights into mixed-mode loading response of snow
8.2 Perspectives
