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Table of contents
NOMENCLATURE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Purpose
1.3 Delimitations & Requirements
1.4 Methodology
2 FRAME OF REFERENCE
2.1 Tightening Technique
2.1.1 Torque-controlled Tightening
2.1.2 Angle-controlled tightening
2.1.3 Elongation-controlled Tightening
2.2 Joint Types
2.3 Friction Influence
2.3.1 Under-head Friction Torque
2.3.2 Thread Friction Torque
2.4 Methods of Force and Torque Measurements
2.4.1 Strain Gauge Load Cells
2.4.2 Strain Gauge Torque Cell
2.4.3 Piezoelectric Crystal Force Cells
2.4.4 Piezoelectric Crystal Torque Cells
2.4.5 Hydraulic Load Cell
2.4.6 Pneumatic Load Cell
2.4.7 Magnetoelastic Force Sensor
2.5 Combined Load & Torque Sensors
2.6 Crosstalk
2.7 Bearing Selection
2.7.1 Radial Bearings
2.7.2 Thrust Bearings
2.7.3 Bearing Materials
2.7.4 Bearing Friction
2.7.5 SKF model of bearing friction:
2.8 Tolerances
2.9 Existing Technology
2.9.1 TesT Friction Testing Machine
2.9.2 PCB Piezotronics Testing Machine
2.9.3 BLM Testing Machine
3 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Nut-adaptor
3.1.1 Conceptual Design
3.1.2 Concept Evaluation
3.1.3 Detailed Design
3.2 Main Device
3.2.1 Conceptual Design
3.2.2 Concept Evaluation
3.2.3 Detailed Design
3.2.4 Working Principle
3.3 Stiffness Variation Device
3.3.1 Conceptual Design
3.3.2 Concept Evaluation
3.3.3 Detailed Design
3.4 Stiffness of the Clamp Joint
3.5 Prototyping
4 EXPERIMENTS & DESIGN VALIDATION
4.1 Validation of the design
4.2 Experimental validation
5 CONCLUSION
6 RESULTS & DISCUSSION
7 RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE WORK
7.1 Accuracy & Tightening Speed
7.2 Stiffer Design
7.3 Thrust bearing
7.4 New torque cell and force cell
7.5 Under-head torque measurement
7.6 The Stiffness Variation Device
REFERENCES
