Effects of pesticides on temperature sensitivity

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Table of contents

Chapter 1 Background
Thermal performance curve
What is stress?
Ecological consequences of climate stress
Increased temperature and thermal fluctuations
Invasive species
Mild winters
Climate stress tolerance strategies
Heat shock proteins and chaperones
Oxidative stress
Desiccation
Other extreme temperature tolerance strategies
Metabolomics – finding the players of physiological responses to stress exposure
Pesticides
Measuring toxicity
Types of insecticides
Pathways of uptake and excretion
Ecological consequences of pesticides in the environment
Pesticide and temperature interactions in insects
Effect of temperature on pesticide sensitivity in insects
Pesticide effect on temperature sensitivity in insects
This thesis
Aims and hypotheses
Biological models
Merizodus soledadinus
Alphitobius diaperinus
References
Chapter 2 Thermal tolerance patterns of a carabid beetle sampled along invasion and altitudinal gradients at a sub-Antarctic island
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2. 1 Insect collection
2. 1. 1 Invasion gradient
2. 1. 2 Altitudinal and lowland gradients
2. 2 Measurement of the duration of recovery from cold and heat exposures
2. 3 Statistical analysis
3 Results
3. 1 Recovery of adult M. soledadinus sampled along an invasion gradient transect
3. 2 Recovery of adult M. soledadinus sampled along an altitudinal gradient
3. 3 Duration of recovery of adult M. soledadinus exposed for different time periods
3. 4 Duration of recovery of adult M. soledadinus sampled along a seashore-inland transect 64
4 Discussion
4. 1 Thermal sensitivity of M. soledadinus adults sampled along an invasion gradient
4. 2 Adult M. soledadinus sampled along an altitudinal gradient
4. 3 Adult M. soledadinus sampled along a seashore-inland transect and exposed for different time periods
5 Conclusions
Supplementary material
References
Chapter 3 Thermal plasticity and sensitivity to insecticides in populations of an invasive beetle: Cyfluthrin increases vulnerability to extreme temperature
1. Introduction
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Rearing of the insects
2.2 Experimental design
2.2.1. Characterization of the thermal tolerance of the insects from different populations
2.2.2. Effect of daily heat spikes and cyfluthrin exposure
2.2.3. Effect of daily heat spikes and cyfluthrin exposure on recovery from exposure to extreme temperatures
2.3. Data treatment
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the thermal tolerance of the insects from different populations
3.2. Effect of daily heat spikes and cyfluthrin exposure
3.3. Effect of daily heat spikes and cyfluthrin exposure on recovery from exposure to extreme temperatures
4. Discussion
4.1 Characterization of the thermal tolerance of the insects from different populations
4.2. Effect of daily heat spikes and cyfluthrin exposure
4.3. Effect of daily heat spikes and cyfluthrin exposure on recovery from exposure to extreme temperatures
5. Conclusion
Supplementary File 1
Supplementary File 2
Supplementary File 3
Effect of heat and pesticide exposure on Alphitobius diaperinus
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1. Rearing of the insects
2.2 Experimental chamber preparation
2.3 Exposure treatment
2.4 Physiological Analyses
2.5 Reproduction
3 Results
4 Discussion
References
Chapter 4 Desiccation in the lesser mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Collection and rearing of insects
2.2 Effects of desiccating conditions on the survival and physiology of the insects
2.2.1 Survival of the insects exposed to desiccating conditions
2.2.2 Measurements of body water and sugar content
2.2.3 Metabolomics
2.3 Effects of desiccating conditions on activity and reproductive capacities of the insects
2.3.1 Measurement of locomotor activity
2.3.2 Measurement of the reproduction capacities of the beetles
2.4 Statistics
3 Results
3.1 Survival of the insects exposed to desiccating conditions
3.2 Effects of desiccating conditions on sugar content and metabolic profiles
3.3 Locomotor activity of the beetles
3.4 Reproductive capacities
4 Discussion
Conclusion
Supplementary Material
References
Chapter 5 General discussion on the scientific contributions of the thesis’ results and future perspectives
Warming and geographic expansion of alien species
Thermal tolerance breadth
Effects of climate change and pesticides on A. diaperinus
References