Bench-dry method (Sperry and Tyree, 1988)

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Table of contents

I. Drought stress
1. Effects of drought stress
2. Defense mechanisms against water deficit
2.1 Drought avoidance mechanisms
2.2 Drought tolerance mechanism
II. Water properties and hydraulic architecture
1. Water properties
2. Water potentials
3. The ascent of water
3.1 Water absorption and soil-root boundary
3.2 Transpiration and stomatal control
3.3 Hydraulic properties in xylem: conductance or resistance
III. Xylem: cell types and structure
IV. Xylem cavitation and embolism
1. The mechanism of cavitation
2. Resistance to xylem implosion and cavitation resistance
3. How to evaluate the drought-induced xylem cavitation?
3.1 Cavitation and embolism detections
Acoustic detection
Anatomic detection
Hydraulic detection
3.2 Methods to induce xylem cavitation
Bench dehydration
Air pressurization
Centrifugation
3.3 Vessel length and reliability of the techniques for measuring xylem vulnerability to cavitation
4. Variation of xylem vulnerability to cavitation
4.1 Interspecific variation
4.2 Intraspecific variation
Genetic variability
Phenotypic plasticity
Within tree variation in xylem vulnerability to cavitation
V. Pros and cons of the investigated species
1. Walnut tree
2. Rubber tree
3. Apple tree