Volcanic eruptions as a climate forcing agent

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Table of contents

1 Volcanic eruptions in the Earth’s system 
1.1 Types of volcanoes: Volcanic eruption variability
1.2 What controls eruption styles?
1.2.1 Magma composition
1.2.1.1 Volcanic rocks – mineral composition
1.2.1.2 Volcanic rocks – magma cooling rate
1.2.1.3 Volcanic rocks – classications
1.2.2 Magma viscosity, temperature and gas content
1.2.3 Controls on explosivity
1.3 General volcanic eruption dynamics
1.3.1 Magma column
1.3.2 Eruption column
1.4 Man and volcanism
1.4.1 Vesuvius eruption and Pompeii
1.4.2 Laki eruption, Iceland
1.4.3 Eruption of Mount Tambora
1.4.4 Pinatubo eruption
1.4.5 Soufriere Hills, Montserrat
1.4.6 Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland
1.5 Outline
2 Volcanic eruption impacts and consequences to models 
2.1 Volcanism and atmospheric chemistry
2.1.1 Volcanic eruptions as a climate forcing agent
2.1.1.1 Inuence on temperature
2.1.1.2 Inuence on water cycle
2.1.2 A focus on the tropospheric sulphur cycle
2.1.3 Volcanic eruptions and air pollution
2.1.3.1 SO2uxes and measuring tools
2.1.3.2 Volcanic smog, Laze and Acid rain
2.1.3.3 The particular case of Piton de la Fournaise
2.2 Volcanic columns and ash cloud: models and challenges
2.2.1 Atmospheric dispersal processes: high energy plume models
2.2.2 Buoyant volcanic column and proximal dynamics: buoyant column and dispersal models
2.2.3 Ash dispersal at regional, continental and global scale
2.2.4 Overview
2.3 On the importance of plume heights
2.4 Thesis objectives
3 1D idealised simulation and parameterisation of January 2010 PdF eruption 
3.1 The atmospheric model
3.1.1 Parametrisations for shallow convection
3.1.1.1 Parameterised turbulent ED terms
3.1.1.2 The Mass-Flux (MF) scheme
3.1.2 Entrainment through turbulent mixing
3.2 Abstract of the research article
3.3 Introduction
3.4 Volcanic plume parameterisation and model congurations
3.4.1 January 2010 summit eruption of Piton de la Fournaise
3.4.2 Description of the volcanic plume parameterisation
3.4.2.1 Sub-grid cloud parameterisation as per Pergaud et al.
3.4.2.2 Modied EDMF – updraft initialisation
3.4.2.3 Modied EDMF { basal lateral mass exchange
3.4.3 Simulation set-up and conguration
3.4.3.1 Common features to all simulations
3.4.3.2 3-D spin-up simulation to generate background proles
3.4.3.3 LES simulations
3.4.3.4 SCM simulations
3.5 Results and analysis
3.5.1 Demonstration of the need of specic heat source to generate deep plumes
3.5.2 Inuence of entrainment/detrainment at the base of the updraft
3.6 Supporting analysis to the research article
3.7 Conclusions
3.8 Appendix
3.8.1 Volcanic mass and energy sources in the LES expressed as surfaceuxes
3.8.1.1 Massuxes (H2O and SO2)
3.8.1.2 Sensible heatux
4 First 3D application of Modied EDMF parameterisation 
4.1 Strategy
4.2 Conguration of the 3D simulations
4.3 Results and analysis
4.3.1 Volcanic plume representation
4.3.2 SO2 measurements by ORA
4.3.3 Volcanic plume transport
4.4 Downwind chemistry
4.5 Conclusion
General conclusions and perspectives