The CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) and why is CO2 utilization important ?

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Table of contents

1. General Introduction
2. State-of-Art for the CO2 Utilization
2.1 CO2 emissions and impacts
2.2 The routes for CO2 storage and utilization
2.2.1 The CO2 capture and storage (CCS).
2.2.2 The CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) and why is CO2 utilization important?
2.3 Dry reforming of methane by CO2
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Power-to-syngas
2.4 CO2 hydrogenation to methanol
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Power-to-methanol systems
2.5 CO2 methanation
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Thermodynamic aspects of CO2 methanation
2.5.2.1. The effect of temperature in CO2 methanation simulation
2.5.2.2. The effect of the pressure in CO2 methanation
2.5.2.3. The effect of H2/CO2 ratio in CO2 methanation simulation
2.5.3 Mechanisms of CO2 methanation
2.5.3.1 The CO as intermediate of CO2 hydrogenation mechanism
2.5.3.2 The formate intermediate mechanism
2.5.3.3 On the important presence of side reactions in CO2 methanation reaction
2.5.4 The catalysts for CO2 methanation
2.5.4.1 Noble metal-based catalysts
2.5.4.2 Ni catalysts and other non-noble metal-based catalysts
2.5.4.2.1. Ni-based catalysts
2.5.4.2.2. Other non-noble metal-based catalysts for CO2 methanation
2.5.6 Power-to-gas system (PtG)
2.5.6.1. The PtG projects in European Union
2.5.6.2. Non- European Union: The example of China
3. Experimental part
3.1 Catalyst preparation
3.1.1 Low-cost diatomite supported catalysts
3.1.2 Mixed oxides derived from layered-double hydrotalcite (LDH) materials
3.1.3 Y-promoted novel ceria supported Ni catalysts
3.1.4 Ordered mesoporous SBA-15 and SBA-16 materials supported catalysts
3.1.4.1. Synthesis of NiY/SBA-15 and NiCexY/SBA-15 catalysts
3.1.4.2. Synthesis of SBA-16 supports
3.1.4.3. Ni/xCe/SBA-16 catalysts preparation
3.1.4.4. Synthesis of Ni/xCeY/SBA-16 catalysts
3.2 Catalytic CO2 methanation
3.2.1 Activity test
3.2.2 Calculations
3.3 Characterization of the supports and catalysts
3.3.1 Temperature-programmed reduction in hydrogen (H2-TPR)
3.3.2 Temperature-programmed desorption in CO2 (CO2-TPD)
3.3.3 Physical adsorption of nitrogen (N2)
3.3.4 Chemisorption of hydrogen (H2 chemisorption)
3.3.5 X-ray diffraction (Small-angle and Wide-angle)
3.3.6 Elemental composition analysis
3.3.7 Transmission electron microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
3.3.8 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
3.3.9 Thermogravimetric analyses-mass spectrometer (TGA-MS)
3.3.10 Temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO)
4. Low-cost materials for CO2 methanation
4.1 Ni-Mg catalysts supported on diatomite
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2. Catalyst preparation and Physicochemical techniques
4.1.3 Texture properties and structural parameters of catalysts
4.1.4. Reducibility, basicity distribution of catalysts
4.1.5. Catalytic performance of catalysts for CO2 methanation
4.1.6 Conclusions of diatomite supported Ni-Mg catalysts
4.2 Nickel-based mixed oxides derived from layered-double hydrotalcite (LDH)
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Catalyst preparation
4.2.3 Structural parameters, elemental composition, and textural properties of nano-mixed oxides derived from hydrotalcite
4.2.4 Reducibility of catalysts followed by H2-TPR
4.2.5 Basicity of the catalysts derived from CO2-TPD
4.2.6 Catalytic performance tests for CO2 methanation
4.2.7 On the evolution of spent samples
4.2.7.1. Structural Evolution
4.2.7.2. Surface evolution
4.2.8 Conclusions of mixed oxides from LDHs
4.3. Conclusions and perspectives
5. Ni/CeO2 nanoparticles promoted by yttrium doping as catalysts for CO2 methanation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Catalyst preparation and physicochemical techniques
5.3 Elemental content, textural properties, structural parameters, and surface compositions of the catalysts
5.4 On the reducibility of calcined catalysts
5.5 Morphologies of the catalysts derived from TEM and HRTEM characterization
5.6 Evaluation of oxygen vacancies content and oxygen mobility by TGA analysis
5.7 Basicity distribution of the reduced catalysts derived from CO2-TPD analyses
5.8 Catalytic performance of Ni based catalysts in CO2 methanation
5.9 Relationships between physicochemical properties and catalytic performances
5.10 Steady-state test of Ni/CeO2 based catalysts in CO2 methanation
5.11 Characterization of Ni/CeO2 based catalysts after steady-state test
5.11.1 XRD patterns of the catalysts after steady-state test
5.11.2 XPS analysis of the catalysts after steady-state test
5.12. Conclusions and perspectives
6. Ordered mesoporous silica supported Ni catalysts for CO2 methanation
6.1. Introduction
6.2. SBA-15 supported Ni catalysts doped by Y and Ce
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Catalysts preparation and characterization
6.2.3 Textural properties, structural parameters, metal distribution, and chemical surface composition of the studied catalysts
6.2.4 Reducibility of the studied catalysts
6.2.5 Basicity of the studied catalysts
6.2.6 Catalytic performance in CO2 methanation
6.2.7 Stability tests of NiCe/SBA-15 and NiCeY/SBA-15 catalysts at 350 °C
6.2.8 Characterization of catalysts after CO2 methanation reaction
6.2.8.1 XRD patterns of the catalysts after test
6.2.8.2 TGA-MS tests of catalysts after test
6.2.9 Conclusions of Ce and Y promoted Ni/SBA-15 catalysts
6.3 SBA-16 supported Ni catalysts for CO2 methanation: on the effects of Ce or Y promoter
6.3.1 Ce promoted Ni/SBA-16 catalysts for CO2 methanation
6.3.1.1 Introduction
6.3.1.2 Materials preparation and characterization
6.3.1.3 Catalytic activity test and stability test
6.3.1.4 Textural properties, structural properties, morphology, and surface states of elements
6.3.1.5 Reducibility of the catalysts originated from H2-TPR
6.3.1.6 Basicity of the catalysts originated from CO2-TPD
6.3.1.7 Catalytic tests of the catalysts in CO2 methanation reaction
6.3.1.8 Stability tests of the catalysts in CO2 methanation reaction
6.3.1.9 XRD patterns of the catalysts after methanation test
6.3.1.10 The selection of pre-treatment temperature and Ce loading based on activity test
6.3.1.11. Comparison of the Ni/Ce/SBA-16 and Ni/CeY/SBA-16 catalysts in CO2 methanation.
6.3.1.12 Conclusions
6.4 SBA-15 versus SBA-16: a comparison of the catalytic properties
6.4.1 Comparation of SBA-15 and SBA-16 supported catalysts in CO2 hydrogenation
6.4.2 On the basicity properties: SBA-15 versus SBA-16 supported catalysts
6.4.3 Ni particle size comparison between SBA-15 and SBA-16 supported catalysts
6.4.4 Surface atom ratio comparison from XPS between SBA-15 and SBA-16 supported catalysts
6.5 Conclusion
7. Conclusion and perspectives of this work
7.1 Conclusion
7.2 Perspectives
References
Publications and conferences
Annexes