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Table of contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. The INDESO project
1.2. Coral reefs of Indonesia
1.3. Remote sensing of coral reef habitats and habitat mapping
1.4. Remote sensing of Indonesian coral reefs
1.5. Resilience of coral reefs and mapping resilience
1.6. Change detection of coral reefs using remote sensing
1.7. General research objective& research questions
1.8. Thesis structure
CHAPTER 2. SETTINGS, MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Study site: Bunaken National Park and Bunaken Island
2.3. Field work method for habitat typology
2.4. Training and accuracy assessment points
2.5. Photo-interpretation, digitization, thematic simplification, and final typology of mapped habitats
2.6. Accuracy assessment for habitat mapping
2.7. Multi-sensor image data sets for change detection analysis
CHAPTER 3. REVISITING BUNAKEN NATIONAL PARK (INDONESIA): A HABITAT STAND POINT USING VERY HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION REMOTELY SENSED
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Material and Methods
3.2.1. VHR Image
3.2.2. Habitat typology
3.2.3. Habitat mapping for a very high thematic resolution of habitats
3.2.4. Accuracy assessment for a very high thematic resolution of habitats
3.4. Results
3.4.1. Habitat typology
3.4.2. Habitat mapping
3.4.3. Accuracy assessment
3.5. Discussion and conclusion
CHAPTER 4. CORAL MORTALITY INDUCED BY THE 2015-2016 El-Niño IN INDONESIA: THE EFFECT OF RAPID SEA LEVEL FALL
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Material and Methods
4.3. Results
4.3.1. Mortality rates per dominant coral genus
4.3.2. Map of occurrences of mortality
4.3.3. Absolute Dynamic Topography time series
4.3.4. Sea Level Anomaly trends
4.4. Discussion
4.5. Conclusion
CHAPTER 5. ASSESSMENT OF THE RESILIENCE OF BUNAKEN ISLAND CORAL REEFS USING 15 YEARS OF VERY HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGES: A KALEIDOSCOPE OF HABITAT TRAJECTORIES
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Material and methods
5.2.1. Study site
5.2.2. Remote sensing data set
5.2.3. Mining georeferenced historical in situ data
5.2.4. Image and habitat-scenario analyses
5.2.5. Interpretation of changes
5.3. Results
5.3.1. Image time-series quality and correction
5.3.2. Historical data search
5.3.3. Changes for selected polygons
5.4. Discussion
5.4.1. Towards an ecological view of changes using VHR images
5.4.2. A kaleidoscope of habitat trajectories
5.4.3. A kaleidoscope of processes difficult to reconcile
5.4.4. The influence of management and recommendations
5.4.5. Methods for change detection beyond a scenario-based approach
5.4.6. Bunaken, a resilient reef?
5.5. Conclusion
CHAPTER 6. DISCUSSION, PERSPECTIVES AND RECOMMENDATION
