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Table of contents
1. CONTEXT
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Importance of two phase flow in the oil industry
1.3 Applicati ons of MRI to porous media
1.4 MRI comparison to other visualisation techniques
1.5 Conclusions
2. TWO-PHASE FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic elements
2.2.1 Porous medium
2.2.2 Fluid viscosity
2.2.3 Wettability
2.2.4 Interfacial tension
2.3 Flow equations in permeable media
2.3.1 Capillary pressure
2.3.2 Leverett J-Function
2.3.3 Governing equations for two-phase displacement
2.3.4 The competition between forces
2.4 Conclusions
3. PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MR
3.1 Introduction and brief history
3.2 Nuclear magnetic moment
3.3 Magnetic Resonance Phenomenon
3.4 Acquisition of NMR signal
3.4.1 Longitudinal relaxation time T1
3.4.2 Transverse relaxation time T2
3.4.3 Spin-Echo sequence
3.5 NMR signal recovery and images
3.6 Conclusions
4. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP, INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODS
4.1 IntroductionIntroduction
4.2 ExperimentsExperiments
4.2.1 Experimental system
4.2.2 MRI Resolution and field of view
4.3 Sample materialSample material
4.3.1 Porous medium
4.3.2 Fluids
4.4 Experimental processExperimental process
4.5 Imaging protocol and methodsImaging protocol and methods
4.5.1 MSME protocol
4.5.2 Imaging methods
4.5.2.1 Selective method
4.5.2.2 Nonselective method
4.6 ConclusionConclusion
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 IntroductionIntroduction
5.2 Experiments performedExperiments performed
5.2.1 Experiment with a packed glass-beads model, selective method
5.2.2 Experiment with a packed polystyrene-beads model
5.2.3 Experiments with packed sand column
5.3 Relative phase permeability calculationRelative phase permeability calculation
5.4 DiscussionDiscussion
5.4.1 Dimensionless groups
5.4.2 Displacement mechanism and the wettability effect
5.4.3 Additional observations
5.5 Conclusions
6. NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
6.1 IntroductionIntroduction
6.2 Numerical modellingNumerical modelling
6.2.1 Case 1 classical model, viscous force effect
6.2.2 Case 2 gravity and viscous forces effect
6.2.3 Case 3 gravity, capillary and viscous forces effect
6.3 Comparison of the influence of three main Comparison of the influence of three main forcesforces
6.4 Comparison of experimental results with the numerical modelComparison of experimental results with the numerical model
6.5 ConclusionsConclusions
7. General conclusions and General conclusions and perspectivesperspectives
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES (ENGLISH VERSION)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
