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Table of contents
CHAPTER I
Table 1. Overview of macrophage phenotype observed in human and mice
Table 2. Potential markers of NO bioavailability in human blood
Table 3. Cellular mechanism of GSNO degradation
Table 4. Potential NO donors and their application field
Table 5. Enhancers of NO availability and NO-donating statins and beneficial effects
Table 6. Total and fractional GGT activities (mean ± SD, U/L) in both genders
CHAPTER II
Table 7. Characteristics of M1 and M2 macrophages subsets
Table 1. Histological features of the selected plaques used
Supplementary study
Table 8. GSH and antioxidant enzymes in monocytes, M1 and M2 macrophages
CHAPTER III
Table 1. Distribution of S-nitrosated proteins among distinct cell compartments upon treatment with GSNO (50 μM) of smooth muscle cells cultured under basal or oxidative stress (50 mM AAPH) conditions.
Table 2. Molecular function and biological implications of cytoskeletal proteins S-nitrosated by 50 μM GSNO under basal or oxidative stress conditions
CHAPTER I
Fig 2 A. An overview of atherogenesis process: the initial atherosclerotic stage
Fig 2 B. An overview of atherogenesis process: the advanced atherosclerotic plaque
Fig 3. Vascular aspect: NO & physiopathological effects
Fig 4. A model of intravascular metabolism of nitric oxide
Fig 5. The γ-glutamyl cycle
Fig 6. GGT implication in the recovery of extracellular GSH and associated pro-oxidant reactions
Fig 7. Plasma GGT elution profiles: high performance gel filtration chromatography method for GGT fraction analysis
Fig 8. GGT and cardiovascular mortality
CHAPTER II
Fig 9. Signalling pathways in macrophages involved in atherosclerosis
Fig 10. Polarization process of macrophages in the atherosclerotic lesions
Fig 1. Cytochemical staining for GGT enzyme activity expressed in activated monocytes.
Fig 2. Cytokines in the supernatant of monocyte-derived macrophages
Fig 3. Effects of GM-CSF and M-CSF exposure on cellular GGT expression
Fig 4. GGT release by activated macrophages
Fig 5. Effects of TNFα and IL-10 on GGT expression in monocytes.
Fig 6. Gel filtration chromatography of b-GGT released by TNFα/IL-1-activated monocytes (a) and M1-like
Fig 7. GGT expression in atherosclerotic plaques
Fig 8. Elution profile of GGT activity from whole homogenate of three selected plaque samples (a, b, c)
Supplementary study
Fig 1. Immunofluorescent detection of specific markers of M1-like and M2-like macrophages
Fig 2. Intracellular nitrite ions production
Fig 3. Quantification of ROS in intracellular and extracellular compartments
Fig 4. Quantification of intracellular GSH.
Fig 5. Evaluation of GSH-dependent enzyme activities
CHAPTER III
Fig 11. Summary of ROS types and sources, and action points of antioxidants
Fig 12. GSH biosynthetic route and GSH cycle
Fig 13. Chemical pathways leading to the formation of protein S-nitros(yl)ation and S-glutathionylation
Fig 14. Mechanisms for oxidant stress-induced modifications on target proteins in cardiovascular diseases
Fig 1. Intracellular and extracellular thiol status in basal and oxidative stress conditions
Fig 2. Extracellular metabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione
Fig 3. Intracellular formation of S-nitrosothiols
Fig 4. Identification and classification of smooth muscle cells proteins S-nitrosated in basal or oxidative stress conditions
CHAPTER IV
Fig 15. Présentation des perspectives expérimentales concernant le développement d’un modèle de stress oxydant sur les macrophages
Fig 16. Présentation des perspectives expérimentales sur les cellules musculaires lisses
