Causes of the Heat Island

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Table of contents

PART I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information on Lebanon
1.2 Urbanization Effects on UHI and implications for Beirut city
1.3 Scale of Study for Beirut City
1.4 Research Objectives
1.5 Thesis Structure
PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Chapter 2: Urban Heat Island: History and Causes
2.1 History and Definition
2.2 Types of heat islands
2.3 Causes of the Heat Island
2.3.1 Natural factors
2.3.2 Urbanization and anthropogenic heat
2.3.3 Albedo and urban surface materials
2.3.4 Urban geometry
2.3.5 Lack of vegetation
Chapter 3: Climate Change, Impacts and Characteristics of Urban Heat Islands and the Energy Balance Equation
3.1 Climate Change and Urban Heat Islands
3.2 Impacts and Characteristics of the Urban Heat Island
3.2.1 Impacts of the Urban Heat Island
3.2.2 Characteristics of the Urban Heat Island
3.3 The Energy Balance
3.3.1 Radiation characteristics
3.3.2 Convection and conduction
3.3.3 Modification by urban areas
3.3.4 The energy balance equation
Chapter 4: Measuring, Modeling and Mitigating Heat Islands
4.1 Measuring the Urban Heat Island
4.1.1 Weather stations
4.1.2 High resolution aerial ortho-photos
4.1.3 Thermal remote sensing
4.1.4 Summary
4.2 Modeling the Urban Heat Island
4.2.1 Micro-scale and local scale modeling schemes
4.2.2 Mescoscale modeling schemes
4.2.3 Other modeling schemes: mesoscale and macroscale
4.2.4 Summary
4.3 Mitigation Strategies to Combat Urban Heat Island
4.3.1 Planting of urban vegetation
4.3.2 Implementing cool surfaces
4.3.3 Combination of urban vegetation planting and cool surfaces implementation
4.3.4 Pavement watering
4.3.5 Summary
PART III: BEIRUT CASE STUDY
Chapter 5: Beirut Case Study
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Physical and Climatic Characteristics of Beirut City
5.2.1 Physical Characteristics
5.2.2 Climatic Conditions
5.3 Cadastral Districts of Beirut
5.4 Population of Beirut City
5.5 Beirut, an artificial city
5.5.1 History of Urbanization, Urban Planning and Environmental Considerations in Beirut
5.5.3 Urban Morphology of Beirut
5.5.4 Albedo values of dominating artificial urban surfaces in Beirut
5.6 Importance of Investigating Urban Heat Island in Beirut
5.6.1 Sustainable urban planning practices in developing countries worldwide
5.6.2 Haphazard urban planning practices in Beirut
5.6.3 Previous climatic and UHI studies in Beirut
5.6.4 Conclusions and justification for UHI analysis in Beirut
PART IV: UHI IN BEIRUT
Chapter 6: Research Methodology
6.1 Selection of Measurement Type for Beirut Case
6.1.1 Elimination process
6.1.2 Selection of records from existing weather stations in Beirut
6.2 Selection of Modeling Scheme for Beirut Case
6.3 Data Collection and Compilation for Beirut
6.3.1 Nature of data required to run simulations on TEB
6.3.2 Collected data for Beirut case
6.3.3 Data extrapolation for Beirut case
6.4 Challenges during the data collection process
Chapter 7: Numerical Analysis
7.1 Control Run
7.1.1 Selected cells for simulation runs
7.1.2 Selected outputs for the control run
7.1.3 Summary of control run results in Beirut
7.2 Developing Scenarios
7.2.1 Scenario 1: Modification of Roof Albedo
7.2.2 Scenario 2: Modification of Road Albedo
7.2.3 Scenario 3: Modification of Glass Ratio
7.2.4 Scenario 4: Modification of Building Height
7.2.5 Scenario 5: Modification of HVEG height
7.2.6 Scenario 6: Modification of Garden Fraction
7.3 Summary of developing scenarios results for Beirut
PART V: DISCUSSION, RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 8: Discussion
8.1 Overview of Research Methodology
8.2 Discussion of Numerical Analysis Results
Chapter 9: Achieving Research Objectives
9.1 To measure and model the effect of UHI in Beirut and identify major contributing factors
9.2 To assess whether and to what extent the urban microclimate is considered in urban planning processes for Beirut
9.3 To find most suitable measures to alleviate the effects of UHI in Beirut from a technical perspective
9.4 To assess implications for urban planning process from an institutional and administrative perspective
9.5 To find opportunities at all planning and design levels to help achieve more sustainable design and planning practices in Beirut
Chapter 10: Conclusions