Informal wage employment

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Table of contents

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Why looking at gender disparities in Africa’s labour markets?
1.2 Objective and structure of this thesis
1.3 Countries selected
1.4 Overview of main findings
Chapter 2 Addressing the Gender Pay Gap in Ethiopia: How Crucial is the Quest for Education Parity?
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Data and concepts
2.2.1 Ethiopia Labour Force Survey 2005
2.2.2 Definitions and measurement issues
2.2.3 Descriptive statistics
Gender disparities in the labour force and in employment status
The unadjusted gender pay gap
Gender disparities in education characteristics among the wage employed
Gender disparities across sectors of activity and occupations
2.3 Methodology
2.3.1 Estimation of wage equations
Heckman’s two-step estimation procedure
Bourguignon-Fournier-Gurgand two-step estimation procedure
Quantile regression analysis
2.3.2 Decomposition of the gender wage gap
Neumark and Cotton decomposition procedures
Treatment of the sample selection correction
2.4 Results
2.4.1 Estimations of the wage equations
2.4.2 Wage decompositions
2.5 Conclusion
Appendix A. Generalized Lorenz curves for hourly earnings
Appendix B. Earnings equations
Appendix C. Gender earnings gap decompositions
Chapter 3 Analysing the Nature and Extent of Gender Inequalities in Time Use: New Insights from Ethiopia
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Data and concepts
3.2.1 Brief theoretical literature review
3.2.2 Ethiopia Labour Force Survey 2005
3.2.3 Definitions and measurement issues
3.3 Methodology
3.3.1 Decomposition of total work time
3.3.2 The determinants of market and household work time
A generalized Tobit model for market work time
A standard Tobit model for housework time
Decomposition of the total marginal effect
3.4 Results
3.4.1 Decomposition of total work time
3.4.2 Further disaggregations of time use estimates
3.4.3 The determinants of market and household work time
Preliminary considerations on models’ specification and data quality issues
Ancillary parameters of the generalized Tobit models for market work time
Sex and area of residence
Complementarity/substitutability of time allocation decisions
Human capital and other individual characteristics
Composition of the household
3.5 Conclusion
Appendix A. Generalized Lorenz curves for the market and household work time
Appendix B. Housework time equations
Appendix C. Market work time equations
Chapter 4 Assessing the Impact of Informality on Earnings in Tanzania: Is There a Penalty for Women?
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data, concepts and descriptive statistics
4.2.1 Tanzania Integrated Labour Force Survey 2006
4.2.2 Key concepts
Employment
Informal employment
Labour income
4.2.3 Descriptive statistics on gender-differentiated employment patterns
4.3 Methodology
4.3.1 Informal employment effects under the assumption of homogeneity
4.3.2 Informal employment effects under the assumption of partial heterogeneity
4.3.3 Informal employment effects under the assumption of full heterogeneity
4.4 Results
4.4.1 Informal employment effects under the assumption of homogeneity
4.4.2 Informal employment effects under the assumption of partial heterogeneity
4.4.3 Informal employment effects under the assumption of full heterogeneity
4.5 Conclusion