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Table of contents
Chapter 1. Linking Past and Present, Depth and Surface: an introduction to the Paleoseismological approach
1.1. Unveiling past earthquake parameters: the paleoseismological approach
1.1.1. Seismic risk assessment
1.1.2. The physics of earthquakes
1.1.2.1. Rupture process
1.1.2.2. Earthquake recurrence
1.1.2.3. Characteristic earthquakes
1.1.3. What paleoseismology brings
1.2. A multidisciplinary approach: standard tools
1.2.1. Regions at risk: historical and instrumental seismicity
1.2.2. Fault identification and long-term history: geomorphology
1.2.2.1. Satellite imagery
1.2.2.2. Regional digital elevation model
1.2.2.3. Aerial photography
1.2.3. Geometry at depth and long-term vertical displacement: reflection seismics
1.2.4. Shallow geometry and recent displacement: sub-surface geophysics
1.2.4.1. High-resolution seismics
1.2.4.2. Electrical tomography
1.2.4.3. Ground-penetrating radar
1.2.5. Recent cumulative displacement: micro-topography
1.2.6. Recent history of sedimentation vs. faulting: trenching
1.2.6.1. Making the most of a trench site: site selection
1.2.6.2. Optimizing excavations: trench layout
1.2.6.3. Acquisition of trench data: logging and sampling
1.2.6.3.1. Logging
1.2.6.3.2. Photo-mosaicing
1.2.6.3.3. Dating
1.2.6.3.3.1. Radiocarbon
1.2.6.3.3.2. Thermoluminescence
1.2.6.3.3.3. Cosmogenic nuclides
1.2.6.3.3.4. Palynochronology
1.2.6.4. Identification of a paleoseismic event: criteria
1.2.6.5. Improving data quality: cross-correlating events
1.2.6.6. Optimizing dates: the Bayesian statistical analysis
Chapter 2. Active Normal Faulting in the Rhine Graben and Paleoseismic Identification of the 1356, I0=IX-X, Basel Earthquake (Central Europe)
Summary
Introduction
2.1.The Basel earthquake
2.2. Geological Setting and Seismotectonic Background
2.3. Paleoseismic results and surface ruptures of the 1356 earthquake
2.4. Discussion and conclusions
2.4.1. A major seismic source in the Basel area
2.4.2. Seismic history of the Basel area
2.4.3. Active tectonics in intraplate Europe and related seismic hazard implications
Chapter 3. Evidence for Holocene Paleoseismicity along the Basel-Reinach Active Normal Fault (Switzerland): A Seismic Source for the 1356 Earthquake in the Upper Rhine Graben
Summary
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The 1356 Basel Earthquake
3.3. Neotectonic and Seismotectonic Framework
3.4. Fault Scarp Geomorphology
3.5. Geophysical Investigations
3.5.1. Methods
3.5.2. Results
3.6. Sample Datations and Age Determination
3.7. Paleoseismic Trench Analysis
3.7.1. Site 1
3.7.2. Site 2
3.7.2.1. Trenches 1 and 4
3.7.2.2. Trench 3
3.7.2.3. Trench 5
3.7.3. Evidence of Recent Faulting From the 1962 Trench
3.8. Summary
3.8.1. Paleoseismic Events Inferred From Trenching
3.8.2. Events Identified Within Other Geological Archives
3.9. Discussion
3.9.1. Faulting Geometry and Length Extension
3.9.2. Seismotectonic Characteristics and Deformation Rate
3.9.3. Implications for the Seismic Hazard
Chapter 4. Ground-penetrating radar investigations along the North Anatolian fault near Izmit (Turkey): Constraints on the right-lateral movement and slip history
Abstract
4.1. Introduction
4.2. GPR Method And Site Selection
4.3. Profile Analyses
4.3.1. Köseköy Site
4.3.2. The A.D. 1591 Ottoman Canal Site
4.4. Discussion And Conclusions
Chapter 5. Paleoearthquake History of the western portion of the North Anatolian Fault in Western Turkey from paleoseismic data, and implications to the seismic hazard of Istanbul
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2. The Saros Site
5.2.1. Site Stratigraphy
5.2.2. Evidence for Earthquakes
5.2.3. Determination of Lateral Slip
5.3. Izmit to Sapanca Segment
5.3.1. The Ottoman Canal Site
5.3.2. The Köseköy Site
5.3.2.1. Site Stratigraphy
5.3.2.2. Interpretation of Past Earthquakes
5.3.3. Discussion of Results
5.3.3.1. Hazard to Istanbul
Conclusions and Outlook
References
