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Table of contents
CHAPTER 1 OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND SEAWATER CONSTITUENTS: DEFINITIONS AND MEASUREMENT
1.1 SEAWATER CONSTITUENTS
1.2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES
1.2.1 INHERENT OPTICAL PRPERTIES (IOPS)
1.2.1.1 Definition of IOPs
1.2.1.2 Partitioning of IOPs
1.2.1.3 Concentration-specific IOPs
1.2.2 APPARENT OPTICAL PROPERTIES (AOPS)
1.2.2.1 Reflectances
1.2.2.2 Diffuse attenuation coefficients
1.2.3 LINK BETWEEN IOPS AND AOPS
1.3 MEASURING OPTICAL PROPERTIES
1.3.1 IOPS
1.3.1.1 Beam attenuation
1.3.1.2 Combined measurements of absorption and attenuation
1.3.1.3 Volume scattering function and backscattering coefficients
1.3.1.4 Turbidity
1.3.2 AOPS
1.3.2.1 Above-water radiometry
CHAPTER 2 TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS TO OPTIMIZE MEASUREMENTS OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATION
ABSTRACT
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.2.1 MEASUREMENT OF [SPM]
2.2.1.1 Measurement protocol
2.2.1.2 Filter blanks
2.2.1.3 Salt retention tests
2.2.2 TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS
2.2.3 OPTIMAL FILTRATION VOLUME
2.2.3.1 T as proxy for [SPM]
2.2.3.2 Determining optimal filtration volume
2.2.4 EFFECT OF FILTRATION VOLUME ON PRECISION OF [SPM] MEASUREMENTS
2.2.5 BETWEEN GROUP STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2.3.1 UNCERTAINTIES IN [SPM] MEASUREMENT
2.3.1.1 Salt retention tests
2.3.1.2 Filter blanks
2.3.1.3 Sample mixing
2.3.2 UNCERTAINTIES IN [SPM] MEASUREMENT FROM FILTRATION VOLUME
2.3.2.1 Determining optimal filtration volume
2.3.2.2 Effect of filtration volume on precision of [SPM] measurement
2.4 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 3 IN SITU VARIABILITY OF MASS-SPECIFIC BEAM ATTENUATION AND BACKSCATTERING OF MARINE PARTICLES WITH RESPECT TO PARTICLE SIZE, DENSITY, AND COMPOSITION
ABSTRACT
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 METHODS
3.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREAS
3.2.2 OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS
3.2.3 WATER SAMPLING
3.2.4 PARTICLE SIZE AND MEAN APPARENT DENSITY
3.2.5 MASS-SPECIFIC ATTENUATION AND BACKSCATTERING COEFFICIENTS
3.3 RESULTS
3.3.1 INSTRUMENT INTERCOMPARISON FOR PARTICULATE BEAM ATTENUATION
3.3.2 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SCATTERING PROPERTIES AND PARTICLE CONCENTRATION BY AREA OR DRY WEIGHT
3.3.3 INVESTIGATION OF THE VARIABILITY OF MASS-SPECIFIC SCATTERING PROPERTIES
3.3.4 INVESTIGATION OF THE VARIABILITY OF ATTENUATION AND BACKSCATTERING EFFICIENCY
3.3.5 SCATTERING MEASUREMENTS AS PROXIES FOR [SPM]
3.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
3.5 APPENDICES
3.5.1 DEALING WITH MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES: PROPAGATION OF UNCERTAINTIES AND LINEAR REGRESSION METHODS
3.5.1.1 Repeat measurements of IOPs and particle concentration
3.5.1.2 Propagation of uncertainty
3.5.1.3 Least squares regression for measurements with uncertainties
3.5.1.4 Correlation coefficient uncertainty estimation
3.5.2 IOPS AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS
3.5.2.1 Scattering properties vs. area concentration by size class
3.5.2.2 Particle size distributions
3.5.2.3 Relationship between Junge PSD slope and cp spectral slope from in situ measurements
CHAPTER 4 ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION OF SEVIRI IMAGERY
ABSTRACT
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.2.1 THE SEVIRI RADIOMETER
4.2.2 STUDY AREA: SEVIRI SUBSCENE AND VIEWING ANGLES
4.2.3 DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL APPROACH
4.2.4 SEVIRI SOLAR CHANNELS CALIBRATION
4.2.5 ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION OF SEVIRI VIS06
4.2.5.1 Rayleigh and gas corrections
4.2.5.2 Aerosol correction
4.2.5.3 Atmospheric correction assumptions
4.2.5.4 Solving for marine and aerosol reflectances
4.2.5.5 Atmospheric correction processing steps
4.2.6 ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION USING THE HRV BAND
4.2.6.1 Relating marine reflectances in the HRV and VIS06 bands
4.2.6.2 Estimating spatial variability of 0(0.6) w on the HRV grid from HRV spatial anomaly
4.2.7 ESTIMATE OF UNCERTAINTY ON MARINE REFLECTANCE
4.2.7.1 Uncertainties associated with the atmospheric correction assumptions
4.2.7.2 Digitization uncertainties
4.2.7.3 Combined atmospheric-digitization uncertainty
4.2.7.4 Uncertainty estimate of marine reflectance in the VIS06 band on the HRV grid
4.2.8 CROSS-VALIDATION WITH MODIS REFLECTANCE DATA
4.3 RESULTS
4.3.1 MAPPING MARINE REFLECTANCE AND ITS UNCERTAINTIES
4.3.2 MARINE REFLECTANCE ON THE HRV GRID
4.3.3 SEVIRI – MODIS CROSS VALIDATION
4.3.3.1 VIS06 reflectance
4.3.3.2 VIS06 reflectances on the HRV grid
4.3.4 DIURNAL VARIABILITY OF MARINE REFLECTANCES AND AEROSOLS
4.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
4.4.1 OPTIMAL REFLECTANCE RANGE FOR ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION
4.4.2 SPATIAL RESOLUTION
4.4.3 EXPLOITING HIGH TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IMAGERY
4.4.4 EXPANDING TO SEVIRI FULL DISK IMAGERY
4.5 APPENDICES
4.5.1.1 Estimation of uncertainty on 0(0.6) w using band combination (VIS06, NIR16)
4.5.1.2 Band pair selection based on minimization of 0(0.6) w
4.5.2 INTER-CALIBRATION OF VIS06 AND VIS08 BANDS USING RAYLEIGH AND GAS-CORRECTED REFLECTANCES
CHAPTER 5 DIURNAL VARIABILITY OF TURBIDITY AND LIGHT ATTENUATION IN TURBID SOUTHERN NORTH SEA WATERS FROM THE SEVIRI GEOSTATIONARY SENSOR
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
5.2.1 RETRIEVAL OF TURBIDITY AND SUSPENDED MATTER FROM SEVIRI
5.2.1.1 Retrieval Algorithms
5.2.1.2 Uncertainty on SEVIRI turbidity and suspended matter products
5.2.2 RETRIEVAL OF PAR ATTENUATION
5.2.2.1 PAR attenuation algorithm
5.2.2.2 Uncertainty on PAR attenuation retrieval
5.2.3 VALIDATION OF SEVIRI TURBIDITY AND PAR ATTENUATION PODUCTS
5.2.3.1 SmartBuoy measurements of turbidity and PAR attenuation
5.2.3.2 Comparison of instantaneous SEVIRI-SmartBuoy observations
5.2.3.3 Validation of SEVIRI product time series
5.3 RESULTS
5.3.1 COMPARISON OF INSTANTANEOUS SEVIRI-SMARTBUOY OBSERVATIONS
5.3.1.1 Turbidity observations
5.3.1.2 PAR attenuation observations
5.3.2 VALIDATION OF SEVIRI PRODUCT TIME SERIES
5.3.2.1 Time series of turbidity
5.3.2.2 Times series of PAR attenuation
5.4 DISCUSSION
5.4.1 SEVIRI ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION AND DIGITIZATION UNCERTAINTIES
5.4.2 LIMITATIONS OF SEVIRI SPATIAL RESOLUTION
5.4.2.1 sub-pixel scale variability
5.4.2.2 Use of the HRV band
5.4.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE T AND KD RETRIEVAL ALGORITHMS
5.4.3.1 Turbidity retrieval algorithm
5.4.3.2 KPAR retrieval algorithm
5.4.4 INCOMMENSURABILITY BETWEEN IN-SITU AND REMOTELY SENSED PRODUCTS
5.4.4.1 remotely sensed vs. in-situ T
5.4.4.2 Remotely sensed vs. in-situ KPAR
5.4.5 PERSPECTIVES FOR THE DESIGN OF FUTURE GEOSTATIONARY SENSORS AND SYNERGY WITH POLAR-ORBITING SENSORS
5.5 CONCLUSION
5.6 APPENDICES
5.6.1 CALIBRATION DATASET FOR TURBIDITY AND [SPM] RETRIEVAL ALGORITHMS
5.6.1.1 Data collection, treatment, and selection
5.6.1.2 Impact of [SPM] measurement improvement on the [SPM] retrieval algorithm
5.6.2 VARIABILITY OF TURBIDITY-SPECIFIC BACKSCATTERING
5.6.3 UNCERTAINTIES OF THE T AND [SPM] RETRIEVAL ALGORITHMS
5.6.3.1 Variability of the mass- and turbidity-specific backscattering coefficient
5.6.3.2 regional calibration
5.6.4 COUPLING BETWEEN TURBIDITY AND HYDRODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 6 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
6.1 IN-SITU VARIABILITY OF SCATTERING PROPERTIES AND SUSPENDED MATTER CONCENTRATION
6.2 REMOTE SENSING OF DIURNAL VARIABILITY OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES FROM THE
GEOSTATIONARY SEVIRI METEOROLOGICAL SENSOR
REFERENCES
