Differences between lakes and reservoirs

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Table of contents

CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 Reservoirs and their ecosystems
1.1.1 Actual and future development of reservoirs
1.1.2 Differences between lakes and reservoirs
1.1.3 Physical functioning of lakes and reservoirs
1.1.3.1 Development of thermal stratification
1.1.3.2 Stratification and mixing patterns in lakes and reservoirs
1.1.3.3 Impact of stable stratification on water quality and biodiversity
1.2 Cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies
1.2.1 Ecological and health impacts of toxic cyanobacterial blooms
1.2.1.1 Impacts on ecosystems
1.2.1.2 Toxin production
1.2.1.2.1 Microcystins
1.2.1.2.2 Cylindrospermopsin
1.2.2 Main functional traits and key controlling factors of cyanobacterial blooms
1.2.2.1 Temperature
1.2.2.2 Light
1.2.2.3 Nutrients
1.2.2.4 Vertical migration
1.2.2.5 Grazing
1.2.2.6 Wind mixing and flushing
1.3 Water quality models and phytoplankton dynamics in reservoirs
1.3.1 Lake ecosystem models and modelling procedure
1.3.2 Overview of the most commonly applied hydrodynamic-ecological models
1.3.2.1 CAEDYM
1.3.2.2 DELFT3D-ECOLOGY
1.3.2.3 CE-QUAL-W2
1.3.2.4 PROTECH
1.3.2.5 PCLAKE
1.3.2.6 IPH-TRIM3D-PCLake
1.3.2.7 MyLake
1.3.2.8 SALMO
1.3.2.9 GLM-AED
1.3.2.10 MELODIA
CHAPTER 2 STUDY SITE AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 Study site
2.1.1 Geology and hydrology of Karaoun Reservoir
2.1.1.1 Reservoir geology
2.1.1.2 Reservoir hydrology
2.1.1.2.1 Reservoir inflows
2.1.1.2.2 Reservoir outflows and losses
2.1.2 Current and anticipated uses of Karaoun Reservoir
2.1.2.1 Hydropower production
2.1.2.2 Future water supply to Beirut
2.1.2.3 Irrigation through Canal 900
2.1.2.4 Future Canal 800
2.1.2.5 Professional fishing
2.2 Design of a monitoring program
2.2.1 Field measurements
2.2.1.1 Water sampling sites
2.2.1.2 Water sampling method
2.2.1.3 Transparency
2.2.1.4 Phycocyanin profile measurements
2.2.1.5 Water temperature, pH and conductivity measurements
2.2.1.6 Dissolved oxygen
2.2.2 Laboratory analyses
2.2.2.1 Phytoplankton microscopic identification and counting
2.2.2.2 Chlorophyll-a quantification
2.2.2.3 Nutrient analysis
2.2.2.4 Cylindrospermopsin analysis
2.2.3 Measurements used to validate the model
2.3 Model description
2.3.1 DYRESM description
2.3.2 CAEDYM description
2.3.2.1 Growth rate
2.3.2.2 Temperature
2.3.2.3 Light
2.3.2.4 Cyanobacteria vertical migration
2.3.2.5 Respiration, Mortality & Excretion
2.3.3 DYRESM-CAEDYM input data
2.4 Evaluation methods
2.4.1 Phytoplankton biodiversity
2.4.2 Trophic state
2.4.3 DYRESM-CAEDYM model performance
CHAPTER 3 EVALUATION OF TROPHIC STATE, BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYTOPLANKTON SUCCESSION IN KARAOUN RESERVOIR
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Trophic state and algal succession in Karaoun Reservoir before 2012
3.2.1 Nutrient concentrations and trophic state
3.2.2 Algal succession and biodiversity
3.3 Trophic state and algal succession at Karaoun Reservoir in 2012 and 2013
3.3.1 Hydrological conditions
3.3.2 Physico-chemical parameters
3.3.2.1 Transparency
3.3.2.2 Dissolved oxygen
3.3.2.3 Specific conductivity
3.3.2.4 Water temperature and thermal stratification
3.3.2.5 Nitrate and ammonium
3.3.2.6 Total phosphorus and orthophosphate
3.3.3 Chlorophyll-a and phycocyanin fluorescence
3.3.4 Phytoplankton composition and biovolumes
3.3.5 Phytoplankton groups seasonal succession
3.3.6 Zooplankton community
3.3.7 Trophic level and diversity index
3.4 Environmental drivers of the succession of phytoplankton groups in Karaoun Reservoir
3.4.1 Settling of diatoms after establishment of thermal stratification in early spring
3.4.2 Disappearance of green algae after nutrient limitation and temperature elevation in late spring
3.4.3 Cyanobacteria dominance at high temperature and low nutrient concentrations between late spring and early autumn
3.4.4 Dominance of dinoflagellate at low irradiance and water temperature in autumn
3.5 Comparison with other Mediterranean lakes and reservoirs
3.5.1 Morphological and hydrological characteristics
3.5.2 Eutrophication level and integrated water management
3.5.3 Phytoplankton diversity
3.5.4 Toxic cyanobacterial succession
3.6 Conclusion
CHAPTER 4 COMPETITION BETWEEN TWO CYANOBACTERIAL SPECIES, APHANIZOMENON OVALISPORUM AND MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA IN KARAOUN RESERVOIR, LEBANON
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results
4.2.1 Physico-chemical conditions
4.2.2 Replacement of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum by Microcystis aeruginosa at high temperature
4.2.3 Cylindrospermopsin detection
4.2.4 Comparison between A. ovalisporum and CYN distribution in the water column
4.2.5 Absence of correlation between Cylindrospermopsin concentration and A. ovalisporum biovolumes
4.3 Discussion
4.3.1 Aphanizomenon ovalisporum blooms in Karaoun Reservoir
4.3.2 Competition between Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum
4.3.3 Relation between cylindrospermopsin concentrations and A. ovalisporum
4.3.4 Disappearance of CYN from water column by degradation or sedimentation
4.4 Conclusion
CHAPTER 5 MODELLING THE SEASONAL COMPETITION BETWEEN TOXIC CYANOBACTERIA MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA AND APHANIZOMENON OVALISPORUM
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Description of input data to DYRESM-CAEDYM
5.3 DYRESM-CAEDYM configuration
5.4 Thermal model calibration and verification
5.5 Biological model calibration and validation
5.6 Succession of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Microcystis aeruginosa according to DYRESMCAEDYM
5.7 Model performance
5.8 Model limitations
5.9 Conclusion
General conclusion