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Table of contents
Acknowledgements, Agradecimentos & Remerciements
Index
List of Tables
List of figures
Introduction
1. Context
2. Objectives
3. Restoration ecology
3.1. Definitions
3.2. Goals & Reference Ecosystem
3.3. Type of intervention
3.4. Legislation
3.5. Restoration Ecology & Community Ecology
4. Community Theory
4.1. Ecological community
4.2. Community ecology
4.3. Disturbance & Resilience
4.4. Succession: How do ecosystems change following a disturbance?
4.5. Assembly rules: How do species assemble into communities?
5. Biological model
5.1. Savanna ecosystems
5.1.1. Definition
5.1.2. Geographic distribution
5.1.3. Main processes controlling savannas
5.2. Cerrado
5.2.1. What is the Cerrado?
5.2.2. The controversial Cerrado
5.2.3. Brief history of the evolution of the Cerrado
5.3. Campos rupestres
5.3.1. Definition
5.3.2. Espinhaço range
5.3.3. Characteristics of the campos rupestres
5.3.4. What about the terminology?
5.3.5. Are campos rupestres included in the Cerrado?
5.4. Current Threats on Mountains ecosystems: focus on the campos rupestres .
6. Study areas: Serra do Cipó campos rupestres
6.1. Geographic situation
6.2. Climate
6.3. Study sites
Chapter 1 – Baseline data for the conservation of campos rupestres: Vegetation heterogeneity and diversity.
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study area and sites
2.2. Soil analyses
2.3. Plant survey
2.4. Statistical analyses
3. Results
3.1. Soil analyses
3.2. Plant survey
4. Discussion
4.1. Soils
4.2. Similarities between the two grassland types
4.3. Differences between the two grassland types
5. Conclusions
Transition to Chapter 2
Chapter 2 – Reproductive phenological patterns of two Neotropical mountain grasslands
1. Introduction
2. Material & Methods
2.1. Study area
2.2. Plant survey
2.3. Statistical analyses
3. Results
3.1. Flowering, fruiting and dissemination patterns in sandy and stony grasslands. .
3.2. Flower and fruit production among grassland types and among families
3.1. Phenology and fruit production of species co-occurring in both grassland types.
4. Discussion
4.1. Flowering, fruiting and dissemination patterns in sandy and stony grasslands. .
4.2. Flower and fruit production in sandy and stony grasslands.
4.3. Comparison between sandy and stony grasslands.
5. Conclusion
Transition to Chapter 3
Chapter 3 – Degradation of campos rupestres by quarrying: impact, resilience & restoration using hay transfer
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study area
2.2. Resilience of the campos rupestres
2.2.1. Vegetation
2.2.2. Soils
2.2.3. Seed banks
2.3. Restoration using hay transfer
2.4. Statistical analysis
2.4.1. Resilience
2.4.2. Restoration using hay transfer
3. Results
3.1. Resilience of the campos rupestres
3.2. Vegetation establishment limitation
3.2.1. Site limitation
3.2.2. Few viable seeds in the soils
3.3. Restoration using campo rupestre hay transfer
3.3.1. Vegetation cover
3.3.2. Effect of substrate on the number of seedlings
3.3.3. Effect of the type of hay on the number of seedlings
3.3.4. Limitation
4. Discussion
4.1. Resilience of campos rupestres
4.2. Restoration using campo rupestre hay transfer
5. Conclusion
Transition to Chapter 4
Chapter 4 – Diversity of germination strategies and dormancy of graminoid and forb species of campos rupestres.
1. Introduction
2. Material and methods
2.1. Seed collection
2.2. Germination experiments
2.3. Pre-fire vs. post-fire germination
2.4. Evolutionary ecology of seed dormancy
2.5. Statistical analyses
3. Results
3.1. Intraspecific patterns of seed germination requirements
3.2. Effects of fire-related cues
3.3. Viability
3.4. Pre-fire vs. post-fire germination
3.5. Evolutionary ecology of seed dormancy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
Transition to Chapter 5
Chapter 5 – Restoration of campos rupestres: species and turf translocation as techniques for restoring highly degraded areas.
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study area
2.2. Translocation of individuals
2.3. Turf transfer
2.4. Statistical analysis
2.4.1. Individual translocation
2.4.2. Turf translocation
3. Results
3.1. Individual translocation
3.1.1. Effect of substrate type (natural VS. degraded substrate) and nutrient supply ..
3.1.2. Effect of the translocation period
3.1.3. At the species level: cases of Paspalum erianthum and Tatianyx arnacites.
3.2. Turf transplantation
3.2.1. Effects of the turf size
3.2.2. Effects of the turf origin
3.2.3. Effects of the substrate of the degraded area.
3.2.4. Reference grassland regeneration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
General Discussion
1. What do we want to restore?
1.1. Composition and structure of herbaceous communities of campos rupestres
1.2. From the regional species pool to the external species pool: patterns of reproduction in campos rupestres
2. Plant community dynamics after disturbance
2.1. Regeneration after a natural disturbance
2.2. Campos rupestres are not resilient to a strong disturbance
2.3. Drivers of plant community recovery
2.3.1. Dispersal filter
2.3.2. Environmental filter
2.3.3. Biotic factors
3. Can we restore campos rupestres?
4. From restoration ecology to community ecology
Main considerations of this thesis
Perspectives
1. To increase studies at large scale and use functional traits
2. Effect of fire on reproductive phenology
3. Understanding regeneration after natural disturbance
4. Germination
5. Looking for new restoration techniques
Conclusion
References
