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Table of contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction (English)
1.2 Introduction (Français)
2 Fundamentals in atmospheric physics and chemistry
2.1 Structure of the atmosphere and tropopause definitions
2.1.1 Global atmospheric structure
2.1.2 Tropopause, a level: thermal and dynamical definitions
2.1.3 Tropical Tropopause, a transition layer: the TTL
2.2 Tropical convective structures and mechanisms
2.2.1 Deep convective structures, diurnal variability and mechanisms
2.2.2 Diabatic processes
2.2.2.1 Theoretical model of the air parcel
2.2.2.2 Convective initiators and ascending processes
2.2.2.3 Radiative processes
2.2.2.4 Microphysical processes
2.2.2.5 Turbulent processes
2.2.2.6 Overshoots
2.2.2.7 Subsidence, precipitation and cold pockets
2.2.3 Geographical and seasonal variability of deep convection
2.3 Tropical tropospheric and stratospheric dynamic processes
2.3.1 Tropospheric zonal transport of energy: the Walker cells
2.3.2 Tropospheric meridional transport of energy : the Hadley circulation
2.3.3 Tropical stratospheric dynamics: the Brewer and Dobson cirulation
2.3.4 Equatorial Waves
2.3.5 Times scales in the tropics: annual and diurnal cycles
2.3.6 Madden Julian Oscillation
2.3.7 El Nino Southern Oscillation
2.3.8 Transport across the tropopause
2.4 Water Budget in the tropics: Troposphere to Stratosphere
2.4.1 Water Vapour and Ice
2.4.2 Water Saturation and Relative Humidity
2.4.3 Tropospheric Water Budget in the tropics
2.4.4 TTL Water Budget
2.4.5 Stratospheric water budget in the tropics
2.5 Atmospheric characteristics over the Maritime Continent
2.5.1 Precipitations over the MariCont
2.5.2 Troposphere and stratosphere air masses exchanges over
the MariCont and « Stratospheric fountain »
2.6 Chapter summary and Thesis objectives
3 Instruments and models used
3.1 Satellite remote sensing observations: definitions and motivations
3.1.1 Orbital and viewing modes
3.1.2 Overview of the satellites measuring Water vapour in the UTLS
3.1.3 Overview of satellites measuring the IceWater Content in the UTLS
3.2 Instruments used
3.2.1 MLS
3.2.1.1 MLS instrument on the Aura platform
3.2.1.2 MLS components characteristics
3.2.1.3 WV and IWC diurnal cycles from MLS in tropics: the Day-Night method
3.2.2 SMILES
3.2.3 TRMM
3.2.3.1 Deep convection estimation from TRMM
3.2.3.2 TRMM – 3B42
3.2.3.3 TRMM – LIS
3.3 Meso-scale models and meteorological reanalysis used
3.3.1 ERA5
3.3.2 Meso-NH
3.3.3 NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis
3.4 Chapter summary
4 Ice injected into the TTL in the austral tropics
4.1 Article-1: Ice injected into the tropopause by deep convection
4.3 Chapter summary
5 Ice injected into the TTL over the Maritime Continent
5.1 Article-2: Ice injected into the tropopause by deep convection
5.2 Abstract
5.3 Introduction
5.4 Datasets
5.4.1 MLS Ice Water Content
5.4.2 TRMM-3B42 Precipitation
5.4.3 TRMM-LIS number of Flashes
5.4.4 ERA5 Ice Water Content
5.5 Methodology
5.6 Horizontal distribution of IWC estimated from Prec over the MariCont
5.6.1 Prec from TRMM related to IWC from MLS
5.6.2 Convective processes compared to IWC measurements
5.6.3 Horizontal distribution of ice injected into the UT and TL estimated from Prec
5.7 Relationship between diurnal cycle of Prec and Flash over Mari-Cont land and sea
5.7.1 Flash distribution over the MariCont
5.7.2 Prec and Flash diurnal cycles over the MariCont
5.7.3 Prec and Flash diurnal cycles and small-scale processes
5.8 Horizontal distribution of IWC from ERA5 reanalyses
5.9 Ice injected over a selection of island and sea areas
5.9.1 IWC deduced from observations
5.9.2 IWC deduced from reanalyses
5.9.3 Synthesis
5.10 Discussion on small-scale convective processes impacting IWC over a selection of areas
5.10.1 Java island, Sulawesi and New Guinea
5.10.2 West Sumatra Sea
5.10.3 North Australia Sea and seas with nearby islands
5.11 Conclusions
5.12 Author contribution
5.13 Acknowledgement
5.14 Data availability
6 Impact of large-scale oscillations on the ice injected in the TTL over the Maritime Continent
6.1 Context
6.2 Datasets, study zones and methodology
6.2.1 Datasets
6.2.2 Study zones
6.2.3 Methodology
6.3 Diurnal cycle of Prec over the Maritime Continent: comparison between the study periods
6.4 Horizontal distribution of Prec and IWCMLS measured at 01:30 LT and 13:30 LT
6.4.1 Prec during the increasing phase of the convection
6.4.2 IWCMLS in the UT during the increasing phase of the convection
6.5 IWC injected in the UT during DJF, MJO active in MariCont and La Niña
6.5.1 Horizontal distribution of IWCPrec
6.5.2 IWC during MJO over island and sea of the MariCont
6.5.3 IWCPrec during the study periods over island and sea of the MariCont
6.6 Synthesis and discussion
6.7 Acknowledgement
7 Further works: Application of the methodology to the Asian monsoon region
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Instruments and methodology
7.3 Horizontal distributions of Prec, Flash and IWC over Asia
7.3.1 Horizontal distributions
7.4 Diurnal cycle of Prec and Flash over the Asian study zones
7.5 Diurnal cycle of IWC over the Asian study zones
7.6 Horizontal distribution of IWC over Asia
7.7 IWC over Asian study zones
7.8 Synthesis
7.9 Author contribution
8 Conclusions and perspectives
8.1 Conclusions (English)
8.1.1 Issues and motivations: the TTL a transition layer between the troposphere and the stratosphere
8.1.2 Objectives and strategy
8.1.3 Method used
8.1.4 Validation
8.1.5 Main results of the thesis
8.2 Perspectives (English)
8.2.1 Tropical deep convection from space-borne observations
8.2.2 Diurnal cycle of water budget in TTL
8.2.3 Ice injection up to the lower stratosphere
8.2.4 Impact of large-scale oscillation of the ice injected into the TTL
8.2.5 Integration of the results into current research projects
8.3 Conclusions (Français)
8.3.1 Enjeux et motivations : la TTL, une couche de transition entre la troposphère et la stratosphère
8.3.2 Objectifs et stratégie
8.3.3 Méthode utilisée
8.3.4 Validation
8.3.5 Résultats principaux de la thèse
8.4 Perspectives (Français)
8.4.1 Convection profonde tropicale à partir d’observations spatiales
8.4.2 Cycle diurne du bilan hydrique dans la TTL
8.4.3 Injection de la glace jusqu’à la basse stratosphère
8.4.4 Impact de l’oscillation à grande échelle de la glace injectée dans le TTL
8.4.5 Intégration des résultats dans les projets de recherche actuels
