The human auditory system

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Table of contents

i background and literature review 
1 general introduction 
2 human auditory perception 
2.1 Coordinate system
2.2 Auditory cues to sound location
2.2.1 Dominant interaural cues
2.2.2 Spectral cues
2.2.3 Distance cues
2.3 The Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF)
3 binaural synthesis 
3.1 Measuring HRTFs
3.2 Processing HRTFs
3.2.1 Equalisation
3.2.2 Minimum-phase and pure delay
3.2.3 Smoothing of HRTF spectrum
3.3 Headphones in binaural synthesis
3.3.1 Choice of headphone type
3.3.2 Variations in frequency response
3.3.3 Headphone transfer function
3.3.4 Headphone equalisation
3.4 Interpolating HRTFs
3.5 Measuring the effectiveness of binaural synthesis
3.5.1 Localisation
3.5.2 Listening tests
3.5.3 Externalisation
4 spectral cues 
4.1 Frequency range of spectral cues
4.2 Monaural vs binaural spectral cues
4.3 Temporal and level factors
4.4 Role of spectral detail
4.5 Spectral features
4.5.1 Overt features
4.5.2 Covert features
4.5.3 Spectral cues using broadband models
4.6 Morphological influence on HRTFs
5 hrtf individualisation 
5.1 Using non-individualised HRTFs
5.2 Methods for producing individualised HRTFs
5.2.1 Reduced measurement sequences
5.2.2 Not requiring HRTF measurements on listener
5.2.3 Not requiring HRTF measurements
ii research work 
6 role of headphones in binaural synthesis 
6.1 Background
6.2 Method
6.2.1 Experimental procedure
6.2.2 Stimulus duration and level
6.2.3 LISTEN HRTF database
6.2.4 HRTF selection
6.2.5 Headphone types used
6.2.6 Headphone frequency responses
6.2.7 Headphone equalisation
6.2.8 Localisation task
6.2.9 Measurement of localisation accuracy
6.3 Results
6.3.1 Results of localisation tasks
6.3.2 Lateral angle errors
6.3.3 Polar angle errors
6.3.4 Global measures of localisation accuracy
6.3.5 Effectiveness of the headphone equalisation
6.4 Discussion
6.5 Conclusion
7 perceptual judgements of hrtfs using listening tests 
7.1 Background
7.2 Outline
7.3 Listening Test 1
7.3.1 Listening Test 1 procedure
7.3.2 Listening Test 1 results
7.4 Listening Test 2
7.4.1 Listening Test 2 procedure
7.4.2 Listening Test 2 results
7.5 Listening Test 2.1
7.5.1 Listening Test 2.1 procedure
7.5.2 Listening Test 2.1 results
7.6 Listening Test 2.2
7.6.1 Listening Test 2.2 procedure
7.6.2 Listening Test 2.2 results
7.7 Listening Test 2.3
7.7.1 Listening Test 2.3 procedure
7.7.2 Listening Test 2.3 results
7.8 Listening Test 3
7.8.1 Listening Test 3 design
7.8.2 Listening Test 3 interface
7.8.3 Listening Test 3 results
7.9 Listening Test 3.1
7.9.1 Listening Test 3.1 procedure
7.9.2 Listening Test 3.1 results
7.10 Listening Test 3.2
7.10.1 Listening Test 3.2 subject categories
7.10.2 Listening Test 3.2 procedure
7.10.3 Listening Test 3.2 results
7.10.4 Listening Test 3.2 subjective reports
7.10.5 Listening Test 3.2 reproducibility of responses
7.10.6 Listening Test 3.2 subject expertise
7.10.7 Listening Test 3.2 analysis of judgement time
7.11 Discussion
7.12 Conclusion
8 salient spectral cues for binaural synthesis 
8.1 Background
8.2 Method
8.2.1 Database analysis
8.2.2 HRTF and morphology database
8.2.3 Subjects represented in multidimensional spaces
8.2.4 Validation of multidimensional spaces
8.3 Results
8.3.1 Validation of principal components
8.3.2 Statistical analysis
8.3.3 Optimal frequency range and dimensions
8.3.4 Inspection of principal components
8.3.5 Validation of optimised multidimensional spaces
8.3.6 Comparison of different multidimensional spaces
8.4 Discussion
8.5 Conclusion
9 significant morphological parameters for binaural synthesis 
9.1 Background
9.2 Prediction of subject location in multidimensional spaces
9.2.1 Method
9.2.2 Results
9.3 Machine learning
9.3.1 Decision trees
9.3.2 Method
9.3.3 Results
9.3.4 Support vector machines
9.3.5 Results
9.4 Modification of dummy head pinnae
9.4.1 Method
9.4.2 Results
9.5 Discussion
9.6 Conclusion
10 general conclusion 
10.1 Findings from the research
10.2 Potential applications of research
iii appendix 
a appendix a 
a.1 Listening Test 3.2 protocol
bibliography