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Table of contents
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Executive Summary
1 Geocasting
1.1 Context
1.1.1 Geocasting concept
Geographical Addressing
Geographic Routing
1.1.2 Geocasting in Wireless Communications
Car-to-X Communications
MANET Communications
1.2 Objectives of the PhD
1.3 Thesis outline
2 Spatial Focusing approaches: State of the art
2.1 Antenna Array Theory
2.2 Beamforming
2.2.1 Linear array
2.2.2 Beamforming System Architectures
Analog beamforming
Digital Beamforming
Hybrid Beamforming
2.2.3 Beamforming in Geocasting
Antenna Model Specification
Beamforming Algorithm: Secure Transmission
2.2.4 Conclusion on beamforming
2.3 Directional Modulation
2.3.1 Metrics for analysing DM Systems perfomance
2.3.2 Conclusions on Directional Modulation
2.4 Time reversal
2.4.1 Conclusions on Time Reversal
2.5 Conclusion
3 Spatial Data Focusing (SDF)
3.1 Spatial Data Focusing framework
3.2 Orthogonal Signaling
3.2.1 Review
3.2.2 Orthogonal signaling design approaches
Time-shift coding
Frequency-shift coding
Spread spectrum orthogonal coding
3.3 Spread Spectrum Modulation
3.3.1 Classification of spreading codes
Orthogonal vs. non-orthogonal codes
Real vs. complex codes
Analog vs. digital codes
3.3.2 Pseudo-Noise (PN)
Code Generation by Linear Feedback Shift Registers
M-Sequence generation
Gold sequences
3.3.3 Orthogonal codes
Walsh Hadarmard (WH) Codes
Orthogonal Gold Codes
3.3.4 Correlation characteristics of spreading codes
3.3.5 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
3.4 Principle of DSSS based Spatial Data Focusing
3.4.1 Transmission
3.4.2 Choice of spreading codes
Walsh-Hadamard codes
Orthogonal Gold codes
Discussions
3.4.3 Channel model
3.4.4 Reception
3.4.5 Simulations
Simulations Specifications
Rx-Tx signal phase difference measurements
Mechanism responsible for the directional behaviour of the data transmission
Validation of the symbolic and analytical DSSS-SDF realizations
Validation of Spatial Selectivity: A comparison of SDF with
classical beamforming
Influence of spreading sequences on the robustness of the scheme
3.4.6 Remarks
3.5 DSSS-based SDF with IQ resources in LOS
3.5.1 Principal of IQSS-SDF
3.5.2 Matched filter based receiver
Channel estimation and equalization
3.5.3 Simulations
Role of Spreading sequences
Influence of the channel estimation on angular selectivity .
Beamwidth as a function of N
Effect of b (inter-element spacing)
SDF operation robustness to noise
SDF Beamsteering
3.6 Conclusion
4 Influence of multipath channels on DSSS-SDF-IQ
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Multipath resolution capacity of classical Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
4.3 DSSS-SDF-IQ over multipath channels: A general case
4.4 Characterizing wireless channel via Ray Tracing
4.4.1 Power delay profile (PDP)
4.4.2 RMS angle spread
4.4.3 K-Factor
4.4.4 RMS Delay Spread
4.5 DSSS-SDF-IQ over urban canyon channel model
4.5.1 Specular Multipath Modelling
4.5.2 Two-rays Ground-Reflection channel model
Simulations
Channel Characterization
BER vs. Receiver angular orientation
Remarks
4.5.3 4-ray channel model: urban canyon
Characterizing the 4-ray urban canyon channel model
4.5.4 6-ray channel model: urban canyon
Simulation and Results
Urban canyon 6-ray channel model characterization
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum – Spatial Data Focusing with
IQ (DSSS-SDF-IQ) simulation results
A practical demonstration of the robustness of Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum – Spatial Data Focusing with IQ (DSSS-SDF-IQ)
scheme
4.5.5 Remarks
4.6 The influence of space-time geometrical channel models on SDF
4.6.1 Geometrically Based Single Bounce Macrocell Channel Model .
Macrocell Environment
Geometry of the Geometrically Based Single Bounce Macrocell
(GBSBM) model
Simulations
Geometrically Based Single Bounce Macrocell (GBSBM) channel
model characteristics
4.6.2 Perspective and Conclusion
5 Conclusions and perspective
List of publications
Bibliography
