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Table of contents
Abstract
Öz
Résumé
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Abbreviations
CHAPTERS
1. Introduction
1.1. A Brief History of the Ottoman Black Sea
1.2. The Rise of Russia vis-à-vis the Ottomans
1.2.1. The Russo-Ottoman War of 1735-39
1.2.2. The Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-74
1.2.3. The Rivalry over the Crimean Khanate
1.2.4. The Russo-Ottoman War of 1787-92
1.2.5. Threats to Istanbul and the City’s Fortification
1.3. Sultan Selim III and the “New Order” (1792-1807)
1.4. Writing the History of Ottoman Fortifications in the Age of Reform
1.5. Historiography on Ottoman Fortification
1.5.1. Secondary Literature on Various Ottoman Fortifications
1.6. Sources and Methodology
1.7. A Glossary for Ottoman Terminology of Fortification
1.8. Chapter Outlines
2. Hasty Efforts to Guard the Imperial Capital (1772-1774)
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Setting the Ottoman Program for Fortifications
2.3. Construction of New Redoubts
2.4. Construction of Fener Fortresses
2.5. Construction of Garibçe and Poyraz Limanı Fortresses
2.6. End of Baron de Tott’s Employment amid Criticism and Disappointment
2.7. Conclusion
3. Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa and Large Scale Considerations of the Security of the Bosphorus (1778-1788)
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The Russian Threat
3.3. The Ottoman Survey of Fortresses in 1778
3.4. Solid Measures to Improve the Bosphorus Defences
3.4.1. Building Soldier Barracks
3.4.2. Constructing New Fortresses: Kilyos and Karaburun
3.4.3. Constructing Macar and Dalyan Batteries
3.4.4. Maintenance of the Five Fortresses
3.5. The First Mission of French Military Engineers (1783-1788)
3.5.1. Chabaud de la Tour
3.5.2. Lafitte-Clavé and Monnier Courtois
3.5.3. The End of the First French Mission
3.6. Conclusion
4. A Distinctive Methodical Approach to Fortification under the New Order
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The First Period: The Urgency of War Conditions (1789-93)
4.2.1. The Bosphorus Guardianship of Seyyid Mustafa Paşa and Kolçak Mustafa Ağa
4.2.2. The Bosphorus Guardianship of Seyyid Ahmed Paşa
4.3. The Second Period: The Beginning of the New Order (1793-97)
4.3.1. The Second French Mission (1794-1796)
4.3.2. The End of the Second French Mission
4.3.3. An Overall Assessment of the Bosphorus Fortresses in 1795-97
4.3.4. The Completion of the Bosphorus Fortresses (1797)
4.4. The Third Period: Preparations for the Russo-Ottoman War of 1806-12
4.4.1. The Batteries of Papaz Burnu and Filburnu
4.4.2. The Construction of Kireçburnu Battery
4.4.3. The Enlargement of Macar Fortress (Yuşa Battery)
4.5. Conclusion
5. A Permanent Military Administration in the Bosphorus
5.1. Introduction
5.2. The Security of the Bosphorus before the Superintendency
5.2.1. The Administration of the Imperial Dockyard
5.3. The Formation of the Superintendency of the Bosphorus
5.3.1. The First Superintendent of the Bosphorus: Mustafa Ağa
5.3.2. A Superintendency Residence
5.4. The Formation of the Bosphorus Guardianship
5.5. The Chronological List of Superintendents and Guardians of the Bosphorus
5.6. Conclusion
6. The Military Organization of the Bosphorus Fortresses
6.1. Introduction
6.2. The First Military Organization of the Bosphorus Forts and Batteries
6.3. Transportation of Soldiers and Military Rations
6.4. The Military Organization After the Bosphorus Superintendency
6.5. The Military Organization of the Bosphorus Fortresses under the New Order
6.6. The End of the New Order with the Revolt of the Bosphorus Soldiers
6.7. Conclusion
7. Conclusion
7.1. Marine/Coastal Fortification
7.2. Reform Efforts
7.3. Engineering as a New Profession and French Missions
7.4. Lack of Organization and Qualified Men
7.5. Russian Fear
7.6. Periodization
7.7. Further Research
Bibliography
