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Table of contents
Summary
Résumé
Samenvatting
1 Introduction
1.1 Preface: water
1.1.1 Hydrogen bonding, collectivity and provocative thoughts .
1.1.2 Surfaces and interfaces
1.2 Scope of this thesis
2 Theory
2.1 Surface tension and capillarity
2.2 Drop breakup
2.2.1 Fundamentals of drop breakup
2.2.2 Inviscid pinch-off
2.3 Diffusion
2.3.1 Principles of diffusion
2.3.2 Proton diffusion in bulk water
2.4 Microfluidics
3 Proton mobility in cellular environments
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Cellular mimic
3.2.2 Determination of proton diffusion coefficients using a microfluidic setup
3.2.3 Assessment of water dynamics using ultrafast IR spectroscopy
3.3 Results
3.3.1 Proton diffusion coefficients in bulk water and cytosolic mimic solutions
3.3.2 Origin of proton diffusion retardation in cytosolic mimic solutions
Role of water reorientation dynamics
Role of cytosolic buffers
Role of viscosity
3.4 Discussion
Role of cytosolic buffers
Role of water reorientation dynamics
Role of viscosity
Other macromolecular effects
Interplay of different factors
3.5 Conclusion
4 The dynamic surface tension of water
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methods
4.2.1 Surface tension measurements
4.2.2 Ultrarapid imaging of drop breakup
4.2.3 Derivation of breakup dynamics from movies
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Determination of the universal prefactor
4.3.2 Effect of pH
4.3.3 Effect of salt concentration
4.4 Discussion & Conclusion
5 Drop breakup dynamics on the nanosecond time scale
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Electrical measurements
5.2.2 Data analysis
5.2.3 MATLAB simulations
5.3 Results
5.3.1 Breakup dynamics of mercury
Ultrarapid imaging
Electrical measurements
Comparison ultrarapid imaging versus electrical measurements
5.3.2 MATLAB simulation of the electrical pinch-off
5.3.3 The pinch-off behaviour of liquid gallium
Ultrafast imaging
Electrical measurements
5.4 Discussion
Noise from surface evaporation
Noise from surface oxidation
Noise from thermal capillary waves and other noise sources
5.5 Conclusion
6 Oil-water displacement in rough pore microstructures
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.2.1 Design of rough microdevices
Design of rough single pore structures
Design of rough network structures
6.2.2 Water flooding experiments
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Effects of roughness and viscosity on oil recovery
6.3.2 Effect of the flowrate on trapped droplet sizes
6.3.3 Towards a generic scaling law incorporating capillarity and roughness effects
6.3.4 Oil-water displacement patterns in complex porous networks
6.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
A Simulation of mercury pinch-off MATLAB code
