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Table of contents
Remerciements
Introduction
1 The Tuning Fork based Atomic Force Microscope
1.1 Force measurements at the nanoscale
1.1.1 Static force measurements
1.1.2 Dynamic force measurements
1.1.3 The quartz tuning fork based AFM
1.2 The tuning fork as a mechanical resonator
1.2.1 The tuning fork and its resonant frequencies
1.2.2 Quartz-based sensing
1.2.3 Mechanical excitation
1.2.4 Resonance
1.2.5 Quality factor and force sensitivity
1.2.6 Parameters calibration
1.3 Dissipative and conservative response
1.3.1 Conservative and dissipative force field
1.3.2 Tuning fork in interaction
1.3.3 Ring-down experiments
1.4 Tuning-Fork based AFM set-up
1.4.1 Tuning Fork preparation
1.4.2 Integrated AFM Set-up
1.4.3 Signal acquisition
1.4.4 Signal processing and control
1.5 Limitation
1.5.1 Fundamental limitations
1.5.2 Experimental limitations
1.6 Conclusion
2 Capillary Freezing in Ionic Liquids
2.1 General Context
2.2 Experimental Set-up
2.2.1 General Set-up
2.2.2 Ionic Liquids
2.2.3 Substrates
2.2.4 Tip
2.3 Solid-like response and prewetting
2.3.1 Dissipation of an AFM tip oscillating in a viscous fluid
2.3.2 Approach curve in the ionic liquid
2.3.3 Prewetting
2.4 Confinement-induced freezing transition
2.4.1 Gibbs-Thompson effect
2.4.2 Dependence on the metallicity of the substrate
2.5 Role of electronic screening
2.5.1 Electronic screening by a Thomas-Fermi metal
2.5.2 Influence of the electronic screening on charges in the ionic liquid .
2.5.3 Effect of metallicity on surface tensions
2.5.4 Effect of metallicity on the freezing transition
2.5.5 Comparison with the experimental data
2.6 Effect of tension and bulk melting temperature
2.6.1 Effect of tension
2.6.2 Effect of bulk melting temperature
2.7 Conclusion
3 Molecular Rheology of Atomic Gold Junctions
3.1 General Context
3.2 Experimental set-up
3.2.1 Experimental set-up
3.2.2 Static mechanical properties of the junction
3.3 Rheology of a gold nanojunction
3.3.1 Viscoelastic junction properties
3.3.2 Typical rheological curves and reversibility
3.4 Yield stress and yield force for plastic flow
3.4.1 Yield force, yield stress and yield strain
3.4.2 Interpretation of the deformation mechanism
3.5 Dissipative response in the plastic regime
3.5.1 Friction coefficient
3.5.2 Liquid-like dissipative response
3.5.3 Frequency dependence of the plastic transition
3.5.4 Solid-like dissipation regime at large oscillation amplitude
3.6 Conservative force response and capillary attraction
3.6.1 Capillary attraction
3.6.2 Shear induced melting of the junction
3.6.3 Jump to contact at large oscillation amplitude
3.7 Prandtl-Tomlinson model
3.7.1 Equations and non-dimensionalization
3.7.2 Simulation procedure
3.7.3 Simulation results and limiting cases
3.7.4 Discussion
3.8 Conclusion
4 Non-Newtonian Rheology of Suspensions
4.1 General context
4.1.1 Rheology of non-brownian suspensions
4.1.2 Shear thickening
4.1.3 Shear thinning
4.2 Experimental Set-up
4.2.1 Measuring normal and tangential force profiles between two approaching beads with the AFM
4.2.2 Particles, substrate and solvent
4.2.3 Rheology of macroscopic suspensions
4.3 Nanoscale force profile
4.3.1 Typical approach curve
4.3.2 Normal dissipative force
4.3.3 Normal force gradient
4.3.4 Tangential dissipative force
4.3.5 Approach in presence of a surface asperity
4.3.6 Approach between cornstarch particles
4.4 Frictional force profile
4.4.1 Characterization of the frictional regime
4.4.2 Distribution of friction coefficient and normal critical load
4.4.3 Ring-down and characterization of non-linearity
4.4.4 Measurements under moderate and high normal load
4.5 Results and Discussions
4.5.1 The shear thickening transition in PVC and Cornstarch
4.5.2 Shear thinning at low shear rate in PVC suspensions
4.5.3 Shear thinning at high shear rate in PVC suspensions
4.6 Conclusion
5 Conclusion and Perspectives
5.1 General Conclusion and Perspectives
5.1.1 Nanoscale Capillary Freezing in Ionic Liquids
5.1.2 Molecular Rheology of Gold Nanojunctions
5.1.3 Non Newtonian Rheology of Suspensions
5.1.4 Instrumental Perspectives
5.2 On-Going Perspectives on Reactive Lubrication
5.2.1 The Tuning Fork based dynamic Surface Force Apparatus
5.2.2 Reactive Lubrication in Skiing
5.2.3 Reactive Lubrication in Ionic Liquids
A Interfacial energies with Thomas–Fermi boundary
A.1 Surface energy of a crystal with a TF wall
A.2 Physical interpretation and an approximated scheme
A.3 Surface energy of a liquid with a TF wall
A.4 Relative wetting of the crystal versus the liquid at a TF wall
A.5 Molecular dynamics of a molten salt in confinement
