The essential role of cytokines during embryonic development

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Table of contents

Table of contents
List of abbreviations
Introduction
1. Interactions between the immune system and the brain during immune activation
1.1. Overview
1.2. Cytokines and cytokine receptors
1.3. Pathogen recognition
1.4. Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
1.5. The peripheral immune system and the brain
1.6. Cytokines and behaviour
2. How cytokines shape neurodevelopment
2.1. The essential role of cytokines during embryonic development
2.2. Microglia: neuroimmune interactions in shaping neuronal circuitry
2.3. Neonatal immune system vs. adult immune system
2.4. The essential role of cytokines during postnatal development
2.5. Specific role of cytokines in neurodevelopment: the example of TNF
2.6. Human studies supporting a role of cytokines in neurodevelopment
3. Cytokines can interfere with neurodevelopment and contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders
3.1. Neurodevelopmental disorders – overview
3.2. Autism spectrum disorders
3.3. Human studies: the case of ASD
3.4. Mouse models of neurodevelopmental defects triggered by immune activation
4. Scientific hypotheses and objectives
Manuscript #1
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions & future directions
References
Figures
Manuscript #2
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
References
Figures
Discussion
Overview
1. How does TNF impact neurodevelopment?
2. What is the physiological relevance of our experimental model in which pups are injected with recombinant TNF?
3. Vulnerability vs. resilience to psychological stress
4. What else could we do to further investigate the impact of TNF on neurodevelopment?
5. What is the impact of poly(I:C) injection on pregnant dams?
6. Why do pups born to poly(I:C)-injected mothers gain weight more rapidly than control pups?
7. Why do pups born to poly(I:C)-injected mothers exhibit communication impairment?
8. Why do pups born to poly(I:C)-injected mothers exhibit decreased locomotor activity?
9. Why did we analyse our data using a multivariable statistical approach, and which conclusions could we draw?
10. What is known about the role of TNF, CXCL10, IL-5 and IL-15 in neurodevelopment and brain function?
Take home message
References