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Table of contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Thesis Outline
1.3 Harvestable Energy Sources
1.4 Vibration Energy Harvesting
1.5 Vibrational energy transduction methods
1.6 Electrostatic vibrational energy harvesters
1.7 Electrostatic Transducers
1.8 Energy conversion using variable capacitor
1.9 Conditioning circuit
1.9.1 Basic conditioning circuit
1.9.2 Charge constrained CC
1.9.3 Rectangular Q-V CC
1.10 Necessity of load interfaces
1.11 Thesis contribution
1.12 Chapters summaries
1.13 Summary
2 State of the Art for E-VEHs
2.1 Overview
2.2 Electrostatic transducer
2.2.1 Electret-Free transducers
2.2.2 Electret-based transducers
2.3 E-VEH with energy management interfaces
2.3.1 E-VEH Step 1: Primitive transducer
2.3.2 E-VEH Step 2: Synchronised transducer
2.3.3 E-VEH Step 3: Synchronised conditioning circuit
2.3.4 E-VEH Step 4: Complete energy harvester system
2.4 Summary
3 Load Interface for E-VEH
3.1 Overview
3.2 Review of DC-DC Interfaces
3.2.1 Resistive interface
3.2.2 Buck-Boost DC-DC Load Interfaces
3.2.3 Buck DC-DC Load Interface
3.3 Buck Converters as Load Interface for CCs
3.3.1 Reservoir voltage regulation
3.3.2 Load Voltage Regulation
3.4 Reservoir Voltage regulation Strategies
3.4.1 Defining Vres Regulation Interval
3.4.2 Load Interface Control
3.5 DTVC Control
3.5.1 Reservoir Voltage Regulation Operating Phases
3.5.2 DTVC Sampling Clock
3.5.3 Conduction losses
3.6 Multiple Energy-shot transfer
3.7 Load Interface Behavioural Model
3.8 Strategy of CMOS implementation
3.9 Summary
4 First Implementation of Load Interface System
4.1 Overview
4.2 AMS 0.35μm CMOS Technology
4.3 First implementation of Load Interface
4.4 Structure of the implemented load interface
4.5 Switch Decision Block
4.5.1 Voltage Divider
4.5.2 6T Comparator overview
4.5.3 6T Comparator Analysis
4.5.4 Adjustable 6T Schmitt Trigger Comparator
4.6 The clock generator
4.7 Switch Control Block
4.7.1 Power Switch – SWLI
4.7.2 Dynamic flip-flop level shifter
4.7.3 Switch Driver
4.8 Simulation Results: First Implementation
4.9 Summary
5 Second Implementation of Load Interface System
5.1 Overview
5.2 Second implementation modification
5.3 Comparator Modification
5.3.1 RS-Trigger based Hysteresis Comparator
5.3.2 RS-trigger hysteresis comparator operation
5.3.3 RS-trigger comparator design
5.3.4 Comparing 6T and RS-trigger comparators
5.3.5 Adjustable RS-Trigger comparator
5.4 The CCR comparator
5.5 High side power switch – SWLI
5.6 Safe-clock gating block
5.7 CCR using the second LI implementation
5.8 Load voltage Regulator LVR
5.9 Autonomy of second implementation
5.9.1 Autonomous energy management system setup
5.9.2 Connection between on-chip and off-chip components of the LI
5.9.3 Discussions
5.10 Summary
6 Summary, conclusions and perspectives
6.1 Conclusions
6.2 Perspectives and Future work
6.2.1 Start-up circuit
6.2.2 Diode losses
6.2.3 Integration of CC
6.2.4 Self-adjustability threshold
6.3 Publications
A Analysis of Current and Energy for dc-dc buck load interface
B Second implementation schematic
