Brown algae display a diversity of types of sexual system

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Table of contents

Chapter 1. General Introduction
I.! Origin and maintenance of sex
a.! Introduction and definitions
b.! The origin of sex
c.! The maintenance of sex
d.! Asexual reproduction
e.! Eukaryotic sexual life-cycles
II.!Sex determination in eukaryotes
a.! Epigenetic versus genetic sex determination
b.! Environmental sex determination
c.! Genetic sex determination: polygenic versus monogenic systems
d.! Sex chromosomes and their evolution
e.! Types of sex chromosome system
III.!From sex determination to sexual differentiation: the evolution of sexual dimorphisms
a.! Evolution of mating types
b.! Evolution of anisogamy
c.! From anisogamy to morphologically different males and females: evolution of sexual dimorphisms
IV.!Using the brown algae to study the evolution of the sexes
a.! Brown algae display a diversity of types of sexual system
b.! Brown algae exhibit a broad diversity of levels of sexual dimorphism
Objectives
Chapter 2. The Haploid System of Sex Determination in the Brown Alga Ectocarpus sp.
I.! !Introduction
II.!!Paper
III.!Discussion and Perspectives
Chapter 3. The Pseudoautosomal Region on the Ectocarpus UV Sex Chromosomes 
I.! Introduction
II.!Paper
III.Discussion and perspectives
Chapter 4. Evolution of Sex-Biased Gene Expression in a Haploid Sex-Determination System with Limited Sexual Dimorphism
I.! Introduction
II.!Paper
III.!Discussion and perspectives
Chapter 5. Genetic Basis of Parthenogenesis, a Sexual Dimorphic Trait in Ectocarpus siliculosus
I.! Introduction
II.!Material and Methods
Brown algal culture
Measurement of parthenogenetic capacity
Preparation segregating populations
DNA extraction and phenotyping the segregating population
Sequencing genomic data
SHOREmap analysis
Genotyping candidate regions
Fitness measurement
Measurement of gamete size
III.!Results
Phenotypic characterization
Analysis of a segregating population
Parthenogenesis is a genetically controlled trait
SHOREmap analysis indicated candidate regions preferentially on the PAR
Analysis of the fitness of P+ and P- male gametes
Gamete size and parthenogenetic capacity
Parthenogenetic capacity of diverse Ectocarpus strains and species
IV.!Discussion and perspectives
Chapter 6. Insights into the cellular basis of parthenogenesis in Ectocarpus
I.! Introduction
II.!Material and Methods
Algae material and culture
Treatments with inhibitors
Microscopy
III.!Results
Transcription inhibitors do not affect germination nor the first cell division but do prevent further development of Ectocarpus partheno-sporophytes
Emetine prevents the first cell division in Ectocarpus partheno-sporophytes
Early treatment with translation inhibitor results in abnormal patterning of Ectocarpus partheno-sporophytes
IV.!Discussion and perspectives
Chapter 7. General Conclusions and Perspectives
Bibliographie