The source of REE, Zr and Hf in “Specchio di Venere”

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Table of contents

ABSTRACT
RIASSUNTO
RÉSUMÉ
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 General aspects and aim of the work
1.2 The aqueous geochemistry of REE
1.3 The normalization of REE
1.4 The aqueous geochemistry of zirconium and hafnium
CHAPTER 2 Investigated areas and background information
2.1 Nevado del Ruiz
2.2 Pantelleria Island
2.3 Dead Sea Fault area
CHAPTER 3 Materials and methods
3.1 Sampling and analytical methods
3.2 Method to determine Zr, Hf and REE in Dead Sea Fault and Pantelleria waters
3.3 Speciation calculations and saturation indexes
3.4 Equation to determine anomalies of REE
CHAPTER 4 Geochemistry of Zr, Hf and REE in a wide range of pH and water composition: The Nevado del Ruiz volcano-hydrothermal system (Colombia)
4.1 RESULTS
4.1.1 General aspects
4.1.2 REE, Zr and Hf
4.2 DISCUSSION
4.2.1 REE behaviour
4.2.2 The behaviour of twin pairs (Y-Ho; Zr-Hf)
4.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS
CHAPTER 5 Zr-Hf and REE signatures discriminating the effect of atmospheric fallout from the hydrothermal input in volcanic lake waters
5.1 RESULTS
5.1.1 General aspects
5.1.2 REE, Zr and Hf
5.2 Discussions
5.2.1 Aqueous speciation
5.2.2 REE behaviour in springs and wells
5.2.3 Ce anomaly
5.2.4 Y/Ho and Zr/Hf fractionation in spring and wells
5.2.5 The source of REE, Zr and Hf in “Specchio di Venere”
5.3 Concluding remarks
CHAPTER 6 Geochemistry of Zr, Hf and REE in a wide spectrum of Eh and water composition: The case of the Dead Sea Fault system (Israel)
6.1 RESULTS
6.1.1 General aspects
6.1.2 REE, Zr and Hf
6.2 DISCUSSION
6.2.1 Zirconium and hafnium
6.2.2 Yttrium and Holmium
6.2.3 REE distribution
6.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS
CHAPTER 7 General conclusions
CHAPTER 8 Geochemical characterisation of gases along the Dead Sea Rift: Evidences of mantle-CO2 degassing
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
8.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
8.3.1 Mantle derived helium along Dead Sea Fault
8.3.2 Origin of CO2
8.4 IMPLICATIONS
8.5 CONCLUNDING REMARKS
CHAPTER 9 References
APPENDIX