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Table of contents
1. Introduction
1.1 HYPOTHESES FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE VERTEBRATES’ HEAD
1.1.1 Segmentalist Hypothesis
1.1.2 Non Segmentalist Hypothesis
1.1.3 The “New Head” Hypothesis
1.1.4 Final remarks
1.2 AMPHIOXUS AS A MODEL
1.2.1 Identification and Description of Amphioxus
1.2.2 Phylogenetic Position and Amphioxus Species
1.2.3 Environment
1.2.4 Reproduction and Life Cycle
1.2.4 Embryonic Development
1.2.5 Amphioxus as an Animal Model in EVO-DEVO
1.2.6 Final remarks
1.3 SOMITOGENESIS
1.3.1 Somitogenesis in vertebrates and amphioxus: a morphological description
1.3.2 Molecular Control of Somitogenesis
1.4 MYOGENESIS
1.4.1 Genetic control of truncal myogenesis in vertebrates and amphioxus
1.4.2 Formation of Facial Muscles in Vertebrates
1.4.3 Orthologues of vertebrate head muscles formation in amphioxus
1.4.4 Final remarks
1.5 FGF SIGNALING PATHWAY AND ANTERIOR SOMITOGENESIS IN AMPHIOXUS
1.5.1 FGF signaling pathway
1.5.2 Expression of FGFs in amphioxus
1.5.3 FGF signaling pathway controls anterior somitogenesis in amphioxus
1.5.4 Final remarks
2. Introduction of Article
2.1 Evolution of the role of RA and FGF signals in the control of somitogenesis in Chordates
3. Introduction Article
3.1 Anterior somitogenesis in amphioxus sheds lights on the origin of the vertebrates’ head
4. General discussion and additional data
4.1 Hox genes, FGF signal and the anterior somitogenesis in amphioxus
4.2 RNA-seq analysis and the role of the FGF signal in anterior somitogenesis
4.3 Possible role of upregulated genes in anterior somitogenesis
4.4 Six1/2 and Pax3/7 control somitogenesis in amphioxus
4.5 FGF signal and vertebrates head mesoderm
4.6 Our results under the context of the evolution of the vertebrates’ head
5. Annex Articles
5.1 Expression of Fox genes in the cephalochordate Branchiostoma lanceolatum
5.2 A single three-dimensional chromatin compartment in amphioxus indicates a stepwise evolution of vertebrate Hox bimodal regulation
6. Bibliography
