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Table of contents
1 History and context of the study
Birth of this study
1.1 Everything you always wanted to know about spiders
1.2 Silk factory, up to 7 different silks
1.2.1 Mechanical properties
1.3 Virtues of the capture thread
1.3.1 Optimized glue performance
1.4 Extreme mechanics
1.4.1 Elasticity, or the mechanical properties of materials in tension
1.4.2 Buckling mechanics
1.4.3 Surface tension
1.4.4 Elasto-capillary interactions
1.5 Critical radius of coilable fibre
2 Natural windlass
2.1 Confusion in literature: an unsolved problem
2.2 Observation of the windlass
2.2.1 Presentation of the spiders we used
2.2.2 Materials and methods part I
2.2.3 Observation of the windlass in spider silk samples
2.3 Biological consequences for the mighty spider
2.3.1 Liquid-solid mechanical hybrid
2.3.2 Additional sources of damping and fracture energy
3 Universality of the windlass – theory, simulations and experiments
3.1 Theory of the windlass mechanism
3.1.1 Analogy with phase transition
3.1.2 A subcritical transition
3.2 Numerical simulations of the windlass
3.3 Reproducing the natural windlass
3.3.1 Materials and methods part II
3.3.2 Realisation and characterisation of the artificial windlass
4 Fine details of the windlass
4.1 Coiling activation
4.2 Macroscopic consequences of the existence of the meniscii
4.3 Experimental subcriticality
4.3.1 Highlights of an hysteresis
4.3.2 Force undershoot at coiling activation
4.4 What are the limits of the windlass ?
4.5 Coiling morphology and related droplet deformation
4.5.1 Different morphologies
4.5.2 Quantification of drop deformation
4.6 Effects of gravity
4.6.1 Rethinking the critical radius calculations
4.6.2 A perfectly extensible frame effect with an inextensible fibre
4.6.3 Gravity-induced hysteresis
4.6.4 Gravity-induced deactivation of the windlass
4.7 Insight into the dynamical behavior
5 Extension of the study and Conclusion
5.1 Technological implications
5.2 Multi-fibres windlass
5.2.1 Bundle of fibres in a single droplet
5.2.2 Crossed fibres, towards a bidimensionnal windlass
5.3 On-demand activation
5.3.1 Glass transition
5.3.2 Chemical environnement change
5.4 Coiling new materials
5.4.1 Metallized TPU
5.4.2 Glass nanofibres
5.5 Macro-windlass
5.6 Microfabrication
5.6.1 Microtangles
5.6.2 Micro-coils
5.7 Conclusion
Appendix A Different kinds of capture threads
A.1 Cribellate versus ecribellate
A.2 Wet versus dry adhesion
Appendix B A drop on a fiber
B.1 Shape of a drop on a fiber
B.1.1 Measuring the contact angle
B.1.2 Roll-up instability
B.2 Force of a drop on a fiber
Appendix C Image processing under Mathematica and ImageJ
C.1 Fibre diameter measurement
C.2 Fibre quality
Appendix D Material datasheets and properties
D.1 ThermoPlastic PolyUrethane (TPU)
D.2 PolyLactic Acid (PLA)
D.3 Silicone oil from Rhodorsil
D.4 Leica microscope and optical setup
D.5 FemtoTools force sensors and SmarAct linear micro-step motor
Appendix E Gallery of fluid stagnation
Appendix F Publications
Bibliography
