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Table of contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Context and challenges
1.1.1 Power system operation and security
1.1.2 Evolution of power systems
1.1.3 Emerging frequency regulation issues
1.2 Motivation and problem statement
1.3 Objectives and scope
1.4 Thesis outline
1.5 Main contributions and originality claim
2 Formulation of classic models to study the primary frequency response
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Unit commitment model
2.2.1 Background
2.2.2 Notation
2.2.3 Deterministic UC model
2.2.4 Hypotheses, computational complexity and solution method
2.3 Reduced order system frequency response model
2.3.1 Notation
2.3.2 Equivalent machine ROSFR model
2.3.3 Multi-machine ROSFR model
2.3.4 Proposed ROSFR model
2.4 Numerical analysis
2.4.1 UC solution
2.4.2 Primary frequency response
2.4.3 Relationship between frequency nadirs and generation schedules
2.4.4 Computational details
2.5 Conclusion
3 Impact of PV generation on the primary frequency response
3.1 Introduction
L Contents
3.1.1 Background
3.1.2 Methodology
3.2 Understanding generation scheduling changes with PV
3.2.1 Day-ahead demand and PV generation forecast
3.2.2 PV integration scenarios and residual demand
3.2.3 Optimisation results
3.3 Evolution of the primary frequency response
3.4 Case study
3.4.1 Energy mix
3.4.2 Primary frequency response
3.4.3 Periods with an insufficient dynamic response
3.4.4 Relation between the frequency and the PV generation share
3.5 Conclusion
4 Limiting UFLS risk with high share of non-synchronous generation
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Background
4.1.2 Methodology
4.2 Implemented models
4.2.1 Enhanced security constraints
4.2.2 V-RES dispatch-down
4.2.3 Dynamic support from non-conventional providers
4.3 Case study
4.3.1 Primary reserve volume
4.3.2 Inertia constraints
4.3.3 Relation between the V-RES dispatch-down and the UFLS risk .
4.3.4 Contribution of frequency regulation resources by new providers
4.4 Conclusion
5 A convex formulation for the FCUC problem
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Generalities on convex optimisation
5.1.2 Interest of convex optimisation for the FCUC problem
5.1.3 Decomposition methods
5.2 Benders’ decomposition approach for the FCUC
5.2.1 FCUC decomposed formulation
5.2.2 Proposed algorithm
5.2.3 Numerical implementation
5.3 Quadratic stabilisation of the Benders’ method
5.4 Conclusion
6 General conclusions and perspectives
6.1 Dissertation overview
6.2 General remarks
6.3 Perspectives
Bibliography
