Literature Review: Health Policies, eHealth & HIV and AIDS

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Background

In 2016 UNAIDS estimated that 36.7 million people were living with HIV, as compared to 33.2 million in 2010. Tens of millions of people have died of AIDS-related causes since the beginning of the epidemic. Although new cases were reported in all regions of the world, nearly two-thirds are in Sub-Saharan Africa, and 43 percent of the new cases were reported in Eastern and Southern Africa. Many people living with HIV or who are at risk of HIV do not have access to prevention, care and treatment, and there is still no cure. It has been reported that HIV primarily affects those in their most productive years. Young people aged 15-24 account for one third of new infections (HIV and AIDS 2017).

ICTs and the dissemination of HIV/AIDS information

There is growing evidence that Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can be powerful tools, and when managed effectively can strengthen the impact of health and development initiatives. ICT has become indispensable to health workers as the volume and complexity of knowledge and information have outstripped the ability of health professionals to function optimally without the support of information management tools.

Models of Disseminating HIV/AIDS Information

Social media can be applied to formal and informal education, thus emphasising the formal or informal educational roles of social media. In other models, social media networks provide an avenue for affordable cost and sustainable HIV prevention interventions that can be adapted and translated into diverse populations.

Main Research Question

In order to address the problem situation sketched in the previous sections (see 1.1), the following main research question has been formulated: Which model and what roles for social media will improve the dissemination of HIV/AIDS information to young people aged 18-24 in Harare?

Declaration
ABSTRACT
Acknowledgements
CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Background
1 Background
1.1 ICTs and the dissemination of HIV/AIDS information
1.2 Models of Disseminating HIV/AIDS Information
1.3 Main Research Question
1.3.1 Research Sub-Questions
1.4 Research Methodology
1.4.1 Literature Review
1.4.2 Target group and sampling
1.4.3 Data Collection Methods
1.4.4 Data Analysis Techniques
1.4.5 Ethical Considerations
1.4.6 Selection of the Study Site
1.4.7 Study Sample
1.5 Values of the Study
1.5.1 Limitations of the Study
1.5.2 Key terms used in the study
1.5.3 Division of Chapters
CHAPTER 2 Literature Review: Health Policies, eHealth & HIV and AIDS
2.1 HIV/AIDS in general
2.2 Development of Health Policies in Africa
2.2.1 Development of Health Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa
2.3 Health Policy in Zimbabwe
2.3.1 Health Policy/Strategy Development in Zimbabwe
2.3.2 Health Delivery System in Zimbabwe
2.4 ICTs and HIV/AIDs Information Dissemination in Africa
2.5 Defining Young People
2.5.1 HIV/AIDS and Young People in Zimbabwe
2.6 Background to Social Media (WhatsApp, Twitter and Facebook)
2.6.1 Potential of Social Media in Disseminating Information
2.6.2 Social Media and Dissemination of HIV/AIDS Information to Young People
2.6.3 Models of Disseminating HIV/AIDS Information
2.7 Organisations Disseminating HIV/AIDS Information in Harare
2.7.1 Hope Zimbabwe
2.7.2 National AIDS Council (NAC)
2.7.3 SAfAIDS
2.7.4 Zimbabwe AIDS Network
2.7.5 Zimbabwe Catholics Bishops’ Conference (ZCBC)
2.7.6 Zimbabwe National Network for People Living with HIV/AIDS (ZNNP+)
CHAPTER 3 Literature Review: ICTs and Health
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Defining Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
3.3 Development of ICT Policies in Africa
3.4 E-Health and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTS)
3.4.1 E-Health in Africa
3.4.2 E-Health in Zimbabwe
3.5 Introduction to Initiatives on Use of ICTs
3.5.1 Initiatives & Networks of Use of ICTs by International Organisations
3.5.2 Initiatives of use of ICTs in the USA and Europe
3.5.3 Initiatives of use of ICTs in Asia
3.5.3.1 Initiatives of use of ICTs in India
3.5.4 Initiatives of use of ICTs in Kenya
3.5.5 Initiatives of use of ICTs in SA
3.5.6 Initiatives of use of ICTs in Uganda
3.5.7 Initiatives of use of ICTs especially targeting countries in Africa
3.5.8 Initiatives of use of ICTs in Zimbabwe
3.6 Summary
CHAPTER 4 Research Methodology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Research Design
4.2.4 Qualitative Research
4.2.5 Quantitative Research
4.3 Site of the Study
4.4 Target Population
4.5 Sampling Procedure
4.6 Data Collection
4.6.1 Questionnaires
4.6.2 Focus Group Discussions
4.6.3 Interviews with representatives from HIV/AIDS Organisations
4.7 Reliability and Validity
4.7.1 Validity
4.7.2 Reliability
4.8 Data Analysis
4.9 Project Management
4.10 Ethical Considerations
4.10.1 Voluntary Informed Consent
4.10.2 Confidentiality, Privacy and Anonymity
4.11 Conclusion
CHAPTER 5 Data Analysis and Interpretation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Quantitative Data Analysis
5.2.1 Social and Demographic Questions
5.2.2 Knowledge Assessment
5.2.3 Sources for Receiving HIV/AIDS Information
5.2.4 Types of Information Received Via Social Media
5.2.5 HIV/AIDS-Related Media Use
5.6 Qualitative Data Analysis
5.6.1 Background: Focus Group Discussions
5.7 Interviews with Representatives of Organisations Disseminating HIV/AIDS Information in Harare
5.7.1 Introduction
5.7.2 HIV/AIDS Information Dissemination
5.7.3 Social Media
5.7.4 HIV/AIDS Information
5.7.5 HIV/AIDS Related Media Use
5.7.6 Conclusion
CHAPTER 6 Proposal of a model for the dissemination of HIV/AIDS information to young people aged 18-24 in Harare 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Critique of main models for disseminating HIV/AIDS information
6.2.1 Educational Model (See 2.6.3.1)
6.2.2 Community-Wide Dissemination Model (See 2.6.3.2)
6.2.3 Mass Model (See 2.6.3.3)
6.2.4 Internet HIV/AIDS Prevention Model (See 2.6.3.4)
6.2.5 Use of Animals in Research Models (See 2.6.3.5)
6.2.6 Marketing Model (See 2.6.3.6)
6.3 Proposed Model for the Harare HIV/AIDS Information Dissemination Programme for Young People (HAIDYP)
6.3.1 Introduction to Proposed Model
6.3.2 Assigned tasks and responsibilities in the Proposed Model
6.4 Conclusion
CHAPTER 7 Findings, recommendations, and conclusion
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Findings
7.2.1 Sub-question 1-How has HIV/AIDS information been disseminated to young people?
7.2.2 Sub-question 2- How has HIV/AIDS information been disseminated in Zimbabwe in general, and to the 18-24 age group in Harare in particular?
7.2.3 Sub-question 3- Which social media do the 18-24 age group in Harare prefer to access HIV/AIDS information?
7.2.4 Sub-question 4-Which model is the most suitable, and what roles can social media play to improve the dissemination of HIV/AIDS information to the 18-24 age group in Harare?
7.2.5Sub-question 5- What would be the most important elements and features of a programme for improving the dissemination of HIV/AIDS information to the 18-24 age group in Harare?
7.3 Main Question
7.4 Recommendations
7.5 Future Research
7.6 Conclusion