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A PROFILE OF SADC MEMBER COUNTRIES
There are many differences between countries in SADC, just as there are similarities in other respects. Three countries are islands in the Indian Ocean. These are Madagascar, Mauritius and the Seychelles. Five countries, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe, are land-locked. Five countries have a common external tariff and belong to SACU. These are Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa. Two countries use Portuguese as their official language (Angola and Mozambique), four use French (DRC, Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychelles), while in the rest of the countries English is the official language. Some of the differences in SADC countries are reflected in the economic development, socio economic status and infrastructural development. Some of these topics will be discussed in detail in the subsequent sections. These characteristics play an important role in determining trade patterns, as will be tested later. For examples, the island countries have a similar transportation mode in accessing
foreign markets or goods. This will mainly be through water transportation (especially bulky products) and seldom by air transportation, in the case of lighter goods. This will be different from landlocked countries which will rely mostly on road or rail transportation. Similarly, countries speaking the same language, or which had the same coloniser, are likely to have similar characteristics which affect the way trade and consumption patterns develop. The combined population of SADC countries was estimated to be 273 million in 2010 (World Bank, 2013). The three most populated countries are the DRC with 66 million, South Africa with 50 million, and Tanzania with 45 million. The least populated country was the island of Seychelles with less than 90 000 people. SADC is also a region with many poor people.
CLASSIFICATION OF NTMS
NTMs include both border measures and internal measures. These measures also seem to expand as time goes on. Therefore, capturing all NTMs in a single operation or classification is almost impossible. Even the design of such systems proves to be problematic, as some of the measures are behavioural rather that regulatory, for example corruption at border posts or unnecessary delays in processing some documentation. These problems furthermore translate into data access difficulties because if it is not classified, then it becomes complicated to compare across products or countries. Over a period of time, various classifications of NTMs have been designed and adjusted owing to changes in trade policy environment. One of the earlier inventories on NTMs was undertaken in 1967 during the GATT negotiations (Basu, Kawahara & Dumesnil, 2012). The objective was to preserve such information with the aim of further initiating negotiations on NTMs. Indeed, the NTMs were on the agenda for the Tokyo Round of negotiations (1973 – 1979). The earliest classification recorded was designed by Baldwin (1970) where he set out twelve different groupings of non-tariff trade restrictions2. In the 1980s, there were two other classifications. One was developed by The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the Trade Analysis Information Systems (Trains), and the other by Deardorff and Stern (Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC), 2000). The UNCTAD–TRAINS classification was accompanied by a database that was internationally accessible (Bacchetta, Richtering & Santana, 2012). The database was developed in 1988 and has coverage of about 100 countries. The classification used a Trade Control Measures Coding System (TCMCS). It is divided into seven main categories, namely: price control measures, finance measures, automatic licensing, quantity control measures, monopolistic competition and technical measures; production and export measures; and technical barriers.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND MOTIVATION
1.3 HYPOTHESES
1.4 OBJECTIVES
1.5 CONTRIBUTIONS
1.6 DATA AND METHODOLOGY
1.7 ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO A DESCRIPTIVE OVERVIEW OF SADC MEMBER COUNTRIES
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 A PROFILE OF SADC MEMBER COUNTRIES
2.3 SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS
2.4 MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
2.5 THE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY IN SADC MEMBER COUNTRIES
2.6 TRADE IN SADC
2.7 SUMMARY
CHAPTER THREE NON-TARIFF MEASURES AND THEIR RELEVANCE AND IMPACT ON
AGRICULTURAL TRADE
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 DEFINITION OF NTMS
3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF NTMS
3.4 NTMS IN THE WTO
3.5 NTMS IN SADC
3.6 NTMS PREVALENT IN AGRICULTURAL TRADE
3.7 TRADE EFFECTS OF NTMS
3.8 CASE STUDIES OF ESTIMATED TRADE AND WELFARE EFFECTS
3.9 SUMMARY
CHAPTER FOUR MEASURING NTMS IN INTRA-SADC AGRICULTURAL TRADE
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 EXISTING APPROACHES FOR MEASURING NTMS
4.3 DATA AND APPROACH FOLLOWED TO MEASURE NTMS IN SADC
4.4 BUILDING OF THE SADC NTM DATABASE
4.5 AN INVENTORY OF SADC NTMs AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
4.6 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
4.7 SUMMARY
CHAPTER FIVE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND EMPIRICAL MODEL
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
5.3 INTEGRATING NTMS INTO THE GRAVITY MODEL
5.4 ESTIMATION TESTING
5.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY
CHAPTER SIX ARE NTMS RESPONSIBLE FOR SLOW REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN SADC?
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 ESTIMATION OF REGIONAL TRADE ON NTMS
6.3 ESTIMATING THE PROTECTION MARGINS OF NTMS
6.4 DISCUSSION OF THE EMPIRICAL RESULTS
6.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY
CHAPTER SEVEN SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 SUMMARY
7.3 CONCLUSIONS
7.4 RECOMMENDATIONS
