β-Hydroxybutyrate (βHB)

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Table of contents

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
2.1 METABOLIC PROFILES
2.1.1 Transition period
2.1.2 Energy profile
2.1.2.1 Glucose
2.1.2.2 Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA)
2.1.2.3 β-Hydroxybutyrate (βHB)
2.1.2.4 L-lactate
2.1.2.5 Fructosamine
2.1.3 Lipid profile
2.1.3.1 Total Cholesterol (TC)…….
2.1.3.2 Triglycerides
2.1.3.3 High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
2.1.3.4 Total Bilirubin (TB)
2.1.4 Protein profile
2.1.4.1 Total Protein (TP)
2.1.4.2 Albumin
2.1.4.3 Globulin.
2.1.4.4 Urea
2.1.4.5 Creatinine
2.1.4.6 Haptoglobin (Hp)
2.1.5 Enzyme profile
2.1.5.1 Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST)
2.1.5.2 Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
2.1.5.3 Creatine Kinase (CK)
2.1.5.4 Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
2.1.6 Mineral profile
2.1.6.1 Total Calcium (Ca)
2.1.6.2 Sodium (Na+)
2.1.6.3 Potassium (K+)
2.1.6.4 Magnesium (Mg3+)
2.1.6.5 Chloride (Cl-)
2.1.6.6 Phosphorus (PO4
2.2 PREGNANCY TOXEMIA
2.2.1 Etiology
2.2.2 Pathogenesis
2.2.3 Diagnostic
2.2.3.1 Clinical signs
2.2.3.2 Laboratory tests
2.2.3.3 Necropsy findings
2.2.4 Treatment
2.2.5 Prevention
2.3 NATURAL PRODUCTS: GLUCAN & SAPONIN
2.3.1 β-glucans: structure, properties and bioactivity
2.3.1.1 Introduction
2.3.1.2 Historical interest in β-glucans
2.3.1.3 Sources and structure
2.3.1.4 β-glucan immunostimulating activity
2.3.1.5 Role of β-glucan on cholesterol and glucose levels
2.3.1.6 Anticarcinogenic activity
2.3.1.7 Future perspectives
2.3.2 Plant secondary metabolites and their interest in ruminants
2.3.2.1 Saponins
2.3.2.1.1 Nature
2.3.2.1.2 Occurrence
2.3.2.1.3 Mechanism of action
2.3.2.1.4 Biological effects
2.3.2.1.4.1 Effects on rumen microorganism
2.3.2.1.4.2 Rumen antiprotozoal activity
2.3.2.1.4.3 Effects on protein digestion
2.3.2.1.4.4 Hypoglycaemic activity
2.3.2.1.4.5 Effects on cholesterol metabolism
2.3.2.1.4.6 Methane
2.3.2.1.4.7 Ammonia concentration
2.3.2.1.4.8 Bacteria and fungi
3. MAIN OBJECTIVES AND APPROACH OF THE STUDY
3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
4. PAPERS
4.1 PAPER 1: Do intramuscular injections of β1,3-glucan affect metabolic and enzymatic profiles in Santa Inês ewes during late gestation and early lactation?
4.2 PAPER 2: Effects of a Saponin-based Additive on Two Different Dairy Goat Metabolic Statuses
5. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND PERSPECTIVES
5.1 INTEREST IN THESE NATURAL SUBSTANCES (β-glucan and saponin)
5.2 EXPERIMENTAL DOSE
5.3 JUSTIFYING THE EXPERIMENTAL NUMBERS OF ANIMAL
5.4 DIFFERENT METABOLIC STATUSES
5.5 MICROBIAL COMPOSITION AND ADAPTATION IN SHORT AND LONG TERM FEEDING OF SAPONINS
5.6 EFFECT OF THESE NATURAL SUBSTANCES ON HORMONAL PROFILE
5.7 IMPACT ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
5.8 METABOLOMIC BY NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) SPECTROSCOPY
5.9 CONCLUSION
6. RÉSUMÉ SUBSTANTIEL
7. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
8. ANNEXES