(Downloads - 0)
For more info about our services contact : help@bestpfe.com
Table of contents
Chapter 1: State of the art
1.1 Biomass as raw material for fuel and chemicals
1.2 Tannins
1.2.1 Tannins structure and reactivity
1.2.2 Tannin extraction and economic aspects
1.3 Carbon materials
1.3.1 Crystalline carbons
1.3.2 Amorphous carbon
1.3.2.1 Amorphous carbons production
1.3.2.2 Determination of textural properties
1.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
1.4.1 Mechanism of hydrochars formation
1.4.2 Increase of HTC yield
1.4.3 Synthesis of N-doped carbon materials
1.4.4 Synthesis of N-doped carbon gels
1.4.5 Applications of HTC-derived carbon materials
1.5 Synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbons
Chapter 2: Mechanism and kinetics of hydrochar synthesis from Mimosa tannin
2.1 Hydrochar synthesis and yield determination
2.2 Chemical composition
2.3 Materials’ morphology and particle size
2.4 Effect of the reaction time
2.5 Effect of the tannin concentration
2.6 Effect of the temperature
2.7 Proposed mechanism for particle formation
2.8 Kinetics study
2.9 Conclusions
Chapter 3: Carbons produced from tannin by alteration of the HTC reactional medium: addition of H+, sucrose and Ag+
3.1 HTC synthesis
3.2 Effect of H+ addition
3.2.1 Textural and chemical properties of 100T materials at different pHs
3.3 Effect of sucrose addition
3.3.1 Textural and chemical properties of 50S50T materials at different pHs
3.3.2 Textural and chemical properties of 50S50T materials prepared at various temperatures and pHs
3.3.3 Textural and chemical properties of tannin/sucrose materials at different proportions and pHs
3.3.4 Van Krevelen diagram, TPD (Temperature Programmed Desorption) and XPS analysis
3.4 Effect of silver nitrate addition into HTC of tannin
3.5 Conclusions
Chapter 4: N-doped carbon materials and their use as electrodes for supercapacitors
4.1 Preparation of N-doped materials by HTC
4.2 Chemical structure of hydrothermally treated tannin
4.2.1 13C NMR studies
4.2.2 MALDI-ToF studies
4.2.3 Elemental analysis
4.2.4 XPS technique
4.3 Materials’ morphology and porous texture
4.3.1 Morphological characteristics: TEM and SEM photos
4.3.2 Textural properties
4.4 Comparison of NCM’s made from tannin and other precursors
4.5 Electrochemical performances of N-doped, tannin-based, hydrothermal carbons
4.5.1 Electrochemical experiments
4.5.2 Effect of oxygen and nitrogen-containing functional groups
4.5.3 Comparison with previous studies
4.6 Conclusions
Chapter 5: Synthesis of N-doped carbon gels and their use as electrodes for supercapacitors
5.1 Introduction to gel drying
5.1.1 Subcritical Drying or xerogels synthesis
5.1.2 Freeze-drying or Cryogels synthesis
5.1.3 Supercritical Drying or Aerogel synthesis
5.2 N-doped carbon gel synthesis by HTC
5.3 Morphology of carbon gels
5.4 Porous texture of organic and carbon gels
5.5 Elemental composition of organic and carbon gels
5.6 Electrochemical performances of carbon gels
5.7 Conclusions
Chapter 6: Synthesis of mesoporous carbons by a soft-templating routusing tannin as a carbon precursor
6.1 F-127 Pluronic® and OMC synthesis
6.2 Synthesis of OMC’s from tannin and F127
6.2.1 Effect of the pH
6.2.2 Effect of the carbonization temperature
6.3 Conclusions
Conclusions and Perspectives
Annexes
Annex 1: Techniques of characterisation
A1. Chemical characterisation
A1.1 Elemental Analysis (EA)
A1.2 Mass Spectrometry – MALDI ToF
A1.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) 13C
A1.4 Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD)
A1.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
A1.6 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
A2. Physical characterisation
A2.1 Adsorption – desorption of gases
A2.2 Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM and TEM)
A2.3 Small Angle X-rays Scattering (SAXS)
A2.4 Determination of the skeletal density and the particle size
A3. Electrochemical characterization
A3.1 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC)
Annex 2: Published materials
A2.1 List of Publications in scientific journals:
A2.2 Articles in Conference
A2.3 Oral Communications
A2.4 Communications by Poster
Bibliography
