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Table of contents
CHAPTER 1. THE PLANT-MEDIATED INDIRECT INTERACTIONS AMONG PLANT BIOAGRESSORS: A REVIEW OF MECHANISMS, MODULATING FACTORS AND IMPACT ON COMMUNITIES
1. Plant defenses against pests
1.1. Plant immunity to pathogens
1.2. Plant defenses against herbivorous insects
1.3. Plant defense elicitors
1.4. Hormone signaling and defense pathways
1.5. Defensive secondary metabolites
1.5.1. Phenolic compounds
1.5.2. Terpenoids
1.5.3. N-containing compounds
1.6. Pests respond to plant defenses
2. Mechanisms underlying plant-mediated indirect interactions among herbivores
2.1. Mechanisms based on plant defenses
2.2. Alteration of resource dynamics in plants
3. Modulating factors of plant-mediated interactions
3.1. Biotic factors
3.1.1. Feeding strategy of pests
3.1.2. Host specialization of pests (generalist/ specialist pests)
3.1.3. Spatio-temporal factors
3.2. Abiotic factors
3.2.1. Water
3.2.2. Nitrogen
4. Impact on associated communities
4.1. Impact on pests
4.2. Impact on plants
4.3. Impact on natural enemies
CHAPTER 2. BIOLOGICAL MODEL: A TRI-TROPHIC AGROECOSYSTEM
1. Food crops
1.1. Tomato
1.2. Soybean
2. Pest organisms
2.1. Herbivorous insects
2.1.1. Sap-feeding aphids
2.1.2. Chewing caterpillars
2.2. Phytopathogenic organisms
2.2.1. Fungal plant pathogen
2.2.2. Root-knot nematodes
3. Natural enemy
CHAPTER 3. BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS MODULATE PLANT-MEDIATED INDIRECT INTERACTIONS
1. Impact of biodiversity on plant-mediated indirect interactions under simultaneous pest infestation
Article 1: Impact of biodiversity and feeding guilds on plant-mediated indirect interactions linking aboveground and belowground pests
2. Impact of biodiversity on plant-mediated indirect interactions under sequential pest infestation
Article 2: Impact of biodiversity on plant-mediated indirect interactions under sequential pest infestation.
3. Sublethal effects of pesticides modulate interspecific interactions between the specialist aphid and the generalist aphid on soybeans
Article 3: Sublethal effects of beta-cypermethrin modulate interspecific interactions between the specialist aphid Aphis glycines and the generalist aphid Aulacorthum solani on soybeans
CHAPTER 4. INFLUENCES OF ABOVE-BELOW GROUND INDIRECT INTERACTIONS ON MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE POPULATION DYNAMIC AND THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
1. Introduction
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Study organisms
2.2. Experimental design
2.3. Data analysis
3. Results
3.1. Impact on the survival of aphid nymphs
3.2. Impact on aphid population dynamics
3.3. Impact on dynamics of alate ratios
3.4. Impact on the aphid spatial distribution
3.5. Impact on biocontrol
3.6. Impact on tomato yields
4. Discussion
CHAPTER 5. THE UNDERLYING CHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF PLANT-MEDIATED INDIRECT INTERACTIONS
1. Introduction
2. Non-volatile metabolomics analyses of tomato roots under plant-mediated indirect interactions
2.1. Materials and methods
2.1.1. Sample preparation
2.1.2. Sample extraction
2.1.3. UHPLC-ESI-Q-ToF-HRMS analysis
2.1.4. Data analysis
2.2. Results
2.2.1. Tomato root metabolomics analyses between control and pest-infested plants
2.2.2. Tomato root metabolomics analyses between nematode-inoculated (1 pest) plants and multiple-pest-infested plants
3. Volatile metabolomics analyses of tomato plants under above-below ground indirect interactions in a tri-trophic system
3.1. Material and methods
3.1.1. Experimental design
3.1.2. Plant VOCs collection
3.1.3. Plant VOCs analyzed by GC-MS
3.1.4. Data analysis and Results
4. Discussion
CHAPTER 6. GENERAL DISCUSSION
1. At individual level
2. At population level
3. At phytochemical level
CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
