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Table of contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 V2X communication: History and Overview
1.2.1 Research History in Europe
1.2.2 Research History in the USA
1.3 Applications & Use Cases of V2X communication
1.3.1 Safety Applications for Day 1 Scenario
1.3.2 Safety Applications for Day 2 Scenario
1.4 Transmission Technology & Spectrum
1.4.1 IEEE 802.11p based ITS-G5/DSRC
1.4.2 Channels & Frequency spectrum
1.5 Distributed Resource Allocation & Congestion Control
1.6 Research Problem
1.7 Research Methodology and Design Choices
1.8 Contribution
1.9 List of Publications
1.10 Organization of the thesis
2 State of the Art
2.1 Standardization Organizations
2.2 Standardized Protocol Stack in Europe and USA
2.2.1 Architecture – ETSI TC ITS
2.2.2 Architecture – IEEE 1609.4 WAVE
2.2.3 ETSI Facilities Layer & V2X Safety Messages
2.2.4 SAE Message Sub Layer & Standardized messages in the USA
2.2.5 ETSI Network & Transport Layer
2.2.6 IEEE Wave Network & Transport Layer
2.2.7 ETSI Access layer
2.2.8 IEEE Wave Access layer
2.2.9 3GPP LTE V2X
2.2.10 Cross Layer Entities
2.3 Channel Coexistence
2.4 Channel Congestion Control
2.4.1 ETSI Decentralized Congestion Control Standards
2.4.2 SAE Congestion Control Standard
2.5 Dierences between standards in Europe and USA
2.6 Literature Review: Channel Congestion Control
2.6.1 Transmit Rate Control
2.6.2 Transmit Power Control
2.6.3 Combined Transmit Rate and Power Control
2.6.4 Controlling other parameters
2.6.5 Awareness Control
2.6.6 Channel Congestion Control for Multiple Packet Types
2.6.7 Beyond State of the Art
2.6.8 5.9 GHz Spectrum Sharing between ITS-G5/DSRC and other technologies
2.7 Existing Design Philosophy
2.7.1 Bottom Up Approach
2.7.2 Our Proposition: Top Down Approach
3 Problem Statement
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General Characteristics & Challenges of Vehicular Networks
3.2.1 Decentralization
3.2.2 Dynamicity
3.2.3 Heterogeneous Network Trac Pattern
3.2.4 Heterogeneity in Communication Resource Requirement
3.2.5 Losing the dedicated spectrum for ITS communication
3.3 System Description & Key functions of Congestion Control
3.3.1 Inter{Vehicle Resource Allocation
3.4 In-Vehicle Transmit Rate Control
3.4.1 Classifying Services for limited channel resource Attribution
3.4.2 Access Layer Rate Control
3.4.3 Service/Facilities Layer Rate Control
3.5 Challenges of Inter Vehicle Transmit Rate Control
3.5.1 Asymmetric Resource demand by heterogeneous Nodes
3.5.2 Distributed Asymmetric Resource Allocation
3.6 Challenges of In Vehicle Transmit Rate Control
3.6.1 Limitations of Priority Queuing:
3.6.2 Limitations of Trac Class and Access Category
3.6.3 Limitations of Access DCC Queuing Policy & Queue Size
3.6.4 Limitations of Channel Load Measurement
3.6.5 Limitations of Reactive Transmit Rate Control
3.6.6 Challenges of Cross-Layer Dependency
3.7 Paradigm Shift: Innovation and Methodology
3.7.1 Need for an In-Vehicle Resource Orchestrator
4 Results and Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Simulator & Simulation Scenario
4.2.1 iTetris-NS3 Network Simulator
4.2.2 Simulation Parameters
4.3 Access Layer Transmit Rate Control
4.3.1 Performance Benchmark: No Congestion Control
4.3.2 Reactive DCC – Earlier Version
4.3.3 Reactive DCC – Latest Version
4.3.4 Improving Reactive DCC
4.3.5 Adaptive DCC
4.4 DCC Access Queuing
4.4.1 Elect of Trac Class & Packet Generation rate per Service
4.4.2 DCC Queuing: Same Trac Class & Equal Packet Generation per Service
4.4.3 Elect of Queue Size
4.4.4 DCC Queuing Delay
4.5 DCC Cross Layer Coordination
4.5.1 Packet Generation Control via Transmit Rate Limit on top of Reactive Access DCC
4.5.2 Packet Generation Control via Transmit Rate Limit on top of Adaptive Access DCC
4.5.3 Packet Generation Control via Channel Resource Limit on top of Adaptive DCC
4.5.4 Facilities DCC on top of Improved Reactive DCC
4.6 Facilities Layer Resource Orchestration
4.6.1 Application characterization function
4.6.2 Application Resource Calculation
4.6.3 Packet Scheduling by the Resource Orchestrator
4.6.4 Resource Orchestration Performance Evaluation
4.7 Inter-Vehicle Resource Allocation (Asymmetric resource demand by vehicles)
4.7.1 Example of Distributed Resource Re-allocation
4.7.2 Resource Re-allocation Mechanism
4.7.3 Evaluation with Static Scenario
4.7.4 Evaluation with Dynamic Scenario
4.8 ITS-G5 & WiFi Spectrum Sharing
4.8.1 Performance Evaluation
4.8.2 Articial Scenario: 3 Zones of Awareness
4.8.3 Scenario: Outdoor WiFi
4.8.4 Scenario: Indoor WiFi
5 Conclusions and Discussion
5.1 Summary of Problems Addressed and Contributions
5.1.1 DCC Access
5.1.2 DCC Queuing and Trac Shaping
5.1.3 Design and Cross Layer Issues
5.1.4 Resource Orchestrator
5.1.5 Inter-Vehicle Asymmetric Resource Allocation
5.1.6 Spectrum Sharing
5.2 Future Work
5.2.1 In-vehicle resource allocation
5.2.2 Dynamic prioritization for Inter-vehicle resource allocation
5.2.3 Network Slicing for DSRC/ITS-G5
5.2.4 Machine learning for resource allocation
