Bivalves and Karenia brevis

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Table of contents

Part 1: Introduction to Karenia brevis and its effects:
1.1 Harmful algal blooms
1.2 Life cycle and growth of Karenia brevis
1.3 Toxins
1.4 Blooms
1.5.1 Effects: Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
1.5.2 Mortalities
1.5.3 Community structure
1.5.4 Sublethal effects and trophic transfer
Part 2: Bivalves and Karenia brevis
2.1 Importance
2.2. Distribution
2.3 Filter feeding
2.4 Life cycle
2.5 Reproduction
2.6 Encounters with Karenia brevis
2.7 Brevetoxin accumulation
2.8 Sensitivity
2.9 Lethal and sublethal effects
2.10 Summary
Part 3: Objectives and Rationale
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Rationale
References
Chapter 1: Short and long-term effects of Karenia brevis exposure on Crassostrea virginica: Toxin accumulation and histopathological responses in adults and effects on gametogenesis, gamete and larval quality
Chapter 2: Effects of Karenia brevis exposure on adult Mercenaria mercenaria: Histopathological and cellular responses in adults and effects on gamete and larval quality
Chapter 3: Transfer of brevetoxin to the gametes of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and northern quahogs (= hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria) following field exposure to Karenia brevis
Chapter 4: Effects of the red tide dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, on early development of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica and northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria
Chapter 5: Susceptibility of gametes and embryos of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, to Karenia brevis and its toxins