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Table of contents
Chapter 1 Skarn and iron oxides ore deposits: the state of art and problems
Résumé:
Abstract:
1.1 General definitions
1.1.1 Metamorphic rocks
1.1.2 Metasomatic rocks
1.1.3 Skarn
1.1.4 Skarn-related ore deposits (SROD)
1.2 Skarns: from objects to processes
1.2.1 Wall rocks
1.2.2 Mineralogy: paragenesis, evolution and mineral zonation
1.2.2.1 Mineral paragenetic evolution
1.2.2.2 Mineral zonation
1.2.3 Mass transfer
1.2.4 Skarn forming conditions
1.2.4.1 Temperature
1.2.4.1.1 Homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions
1.2.4.1.2 Homogenization temperature of melt inclusions
1.2.4.2 Pressure
1.2.4.3 Chemical conditions
1.2.4.3.1 Volatiles
1.2.4.3.2 Salinity
1.2.4.3.3 Redox and PH value
1.2.5 Isotopic geochemistry
1.2.6 Reconstruction of fluid flow involved in skarn
1.2.7 Temporal and spatial evolution of skarn
1.2.8 Experimental studies of “skarnization”
1.2.9 Skarn genetic models
1.2.9.1 Metasomatic model
1.2.9.2 Magmatic hydrothermal model
1.3 Skarn-related ore deposits (SROD)
1.3.1 Intrusion composition and tectonic setting of SROD
1.3.2 Calc-silicate/metal paragenesis
1.3.3 Giant Fe and Cu-Zn SROD
1.3.3.1 Fe skarn deposits in Yangtze and the Andes Cordillera area
1.3.3.2 Antamina Cu-Zn porphyry skarn deposits
1.3.4 A focus on skarn-related iron deposit
1.3.4.1 Features of the largest skarn-related iron deposits
1.3.4.2 Alkaline alteration
1.3.4.3 Origin of iron
1.3.4.4 Association with mafic magmatism
1.3.4.5 Differences and similarities with Iron-oxides Copper Gold deposits (IOCG) and other magnetite deposits
1.4 Problems: Major scientific questions on skarns and skarn-related iron deposits
Chapter 2 Geodynamics and Metallogeny of eastern Tianshan orogenic belt
Résumé
Abstract
2.1 Tectonic units
2.1.1 The Northernmost belt (Dananhu island arc belt)
2.1.2 Northern belt (Aqishan-Yamansu belt)
2.1.3 Middle Tianshan terrane (MTT)
2.1.4 Southern belt (Beishan orogen)
2.1.5 Northern shearing Zone (Kangguer shearing zone)
2.2 Strata
2.2.1 Northernmost belt (Dananhu island arc belt)
2.2.2 Northern belt (Aqishan-Yamansu belt)
2.2.3 Middle Tianshan terrane (MTT)
2.2.4 Southern belt (Beishan orogen)
2.2.5 Summary of the strata
2.3 Magmatism
2.3.1 Granitic plutons
2.3.2 Mafic-ultramafic plutons
2.3.3 Volcanite
2.3.4 Chronology of magmatism
2.4 Tectonic evolution of eastern Tianshan
2.4.1 Welding of the Central Asia Orogenic Belt (CAOB)
2.4.2 Welding of the eastern Tianshan
2.5 Mineralization in the eastern Tianshan
2.5.1 Geochronological synthesis of mineralization
2.5.2 Mafic-ultramafic intrusion related Cu-Ni-(V)-(Ti) deposits
2.5.3 Gold mineralization
2.5.3.1 Northern gold belt (Kangguer belt)
2.5.3.1.1 Epithermal gold
2.5.3.1.2 Quartz vein gold
2.5.3.1.3 Orogenic gold
2.5.3.2 Southern gold belt (Beishan belt)
2.5.3.3 Geochronology of major gold deposits
2.5.4 Porphyry Cu deposits
2.5.5 Skarns in eastern Tianshan
2.5.5.1 Iron skarn deposits
2.5.5.2 Cu-Ag-Pb-Zn skarn deposits
Chapter 3 Yamansu magnetite deposit
Résumé
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Previous studies on YMD
3.1.1.1 Strata
3.1.1.2 Geophysical characteristics
3.1.1.3 Isotopic data
3.1.1.4 Metallogeny
3.1.1.5 Ages
3.1.2 Questions
3.2 Research methods
3.3 Geology
3.3.1 Outcrop morphology, faults and kinematic analysis
3.3.2 Arkose
3.3.2.1 Geology
3.3.2.2 Zircon dating
3.3.3 Dykes
3.4 Skarn
3.4.1 Wall rocks
3.4.1.1 Basalt
3.4.1.2 Limestone
3.4.2 Skarn
3.4.3 Ore shoots
3.4.3 Skarn transitions
3.4.3.1 Transition from iron-rich-fluid to skarn
3.4.3.2 Transition from basalt to skarn
3.4.3.2 Later altercation on skarn
3.4.4 Skarn mineralogy
3.4.4.1 Prograde stage minerals
3.4.4.1.1 Garnet
3.4.4.1.2 Pyroxene
3.4.4.1.3 Magnetite
3.4.4.2 Retrograde stage minerals
3.4.4.2.1 Stilpnomelane
3.4.4.2.2 K-feldspar
3.4.4.2.3 Tourmaline
3.4.3.2.4 Axinite
3.4.3.2.5 Epidote
3.4.4.2.6 Chlorite
3.4.3.2.7 Sulphides
3.4.5 Dating on the K-feldspar-related stage
3.5 Geochemistry
3.5.1 Major and trace elements
3.5.1.1 Basalt
3.5.1.2 Limestone
3.5.1.3 Skarn
3.5.3 Mass balance
3.5.3.1 Equations
3.5.3.2 Mass balance result
3.6 Rock Magnetism study
1. Introduction
2. Geological setting
3. Yamansu magnetite deposit (YMD)
4. Paleomagnetic and magnetic fabric study
5. Discussion
Acknowledgements
Figures and tables in the article of section 3.6:
3.7 Interpretation and discussion
3.7.1 Contribution for the massive magnetite ore shoots
3.7.2 Felsic fluid contributions
3.7.3 Magnetite
3.7.3.1 Silicon in the magnetite
3.7.3.2 Phosphorus content
3.7.3.3 Intercalated magnetite and garnet
3.7.4 Constriction on the skarn forming time
3.7.5 Skarn forming model
3.8 Conclusion
Chapter 4 Iron oxide-rich melt separation from mafic magma: the case study from Cihai skarn-related magnetite deposit, Eastern Tianshan, NW China
Résumé:
Abstract:
Introduction
The Cihai magnetite deposit (CMD): geological background and previous studies
Lithology and petrology
Skarn
(1) Pyroxene-rich skarn
(2) Garnet-pyroxene skarn
(3) Late alteration
The metapelites
The mafic dyke swarm
Ore shoots
The “black phase” in CMD
Mineral texture and chemistry
Pyroxene
Garnet
Magnetite
Albite within black phase
Chlorite
Geothermobarometry
Geochemistry
Discussion
Hydrothermal VS magmatic magnetite
Chemical corrosion of the pyroxene in black phase
Assimilation
Melt immiscibility
Conclusion
Table C-2: EPMA analysis of pyroxene (wt%) and structural formula
Table C-3: EPMA analysis of garnet (wt%) and structural formula
Table C-4: Representive EPMA analysis result of magnetite (wt%) and structural formula
Table C-5: EPMA analysis of albite (wt%) and structural formula
Table C-6: EPMA analysis of chlorite (wt%) and structural formula
Table C-7: Chemical analyses of major elements (wt%) and trace elements (ppm) for Cihai deposit
table C-7 continued
Chapter 5 Metallogenic implication and geodynamical significance of iron skarn-related deposits in eastern Tianshan
Résumé:
Abstract:
5.1 Short reviews on Yamansu and Cihai magnetite deposits
5.2 Short review on ore deposits of eastern Tianshan
5.2.1 Iron deposits
5.2.2 Cu-Ni-V-Ti-Au deposits
5.3 Geochronology and ore forming in eastern Tianshan
5.4 Discussion
5.4.1 Source of the magma
5.4.2 Plume VS. post-collisional stage
5.4.3 Skarn and mafic/ultramafic magmatism
5.4.4 Geodynamic evolution and mineralization
Conclusions and perspectives
