Chaotic LIDAR for ranging

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Table of contents

1 Introduction 
1.1 From maser to laser : the story of Charles H. Townes
1.2 Physics of lasers
1.2.1 Principle
1.2.2 Semiconductor lasers
1.2.3 From edge to surface-emitting lasers
1.2.4 Relaxation oscillations
1.3 Some Applications of lasers
1.3.1 Optical communications
1.3.2 LIDAR for optical ranging and aerosol detection
1.4 Nonlinear dynamics and chaos in laser diodes
1.4.1 The strange-attractor of Lorenz
1.4.2 Bifurcation diagram of the Lorenz’s equations
1.4.3 Analogy between lasers and the Lorenz’s system
1.4.4 Classification of lasers
1.4.4.1 Class C lasers
1.4.4.2 Class B lasers
1.4.4.3 Class A lasers
1.4.5 Unlocking nonlinear dynamics in semiconductor lasers
1.4.5.1 Different approaches
1.4.5.2 Optical feedback and route to chaos
1.5 Applications of chaos in laser diodes
1.5.1 Chaos for secure communication
1.5.2 Chaotic LIDAR for ranging
1.6 Conclusion, objectives and outlines
2 Polarization instabilities in VCSELs and non-local correlation property in low-frequency fluctuation regime 
2.1 Polarization properties in VCSELs
2.1.1 Polarization instabilities in VCSELs in comparison with EELs
2.1.2 Types of polarization switching
2.1.2.1 Polarization selection from gain competition
2.1.2.2 Polarization selection from gain competition and losses
2.1.3 Prediction of polarization switching from spin relaxation process
2.1.4 Application of polarization instabilities
2.1.4.1 Random bits generation
2.1.4.2 Logical gates
2.1.4.3 High-frequency oscillation generation
2.1.4.4 Reservoir computing based on two polarization modes
2.2 VCSEL under optical feedback and low-frequency fluctuation regime
2.2.1 Steady-States and External Cavity Modes
2.2.2 Low-Frequency Fluctuation mechanism
2.2.3 LFF in polarization modes of VCSELs
2.2.4 Observation of double-peak structures in the literature
2.3 Experimental investigation
2.3.1 Experimental setup
2.3.2 LFF : Double peak and correlation features in the RF spectrum
2.4 Physical origin of the double-peak structure
2.4.1 Phase-space dynamic and mode/antimode interaction
2.4.2 Double-peak structure with a single-mode model
2.5 Conclusion
3 Vectorial Rogue Wave in VCSEL light polarizations 
3.1 Observations of Rogue Wave
3.1.1 Freak wave in oceanography
3.1.2 Identification of rogue waves
3.1.3 Rogue Waves in optics and motivation
3.2 Observations of Extreme Events in VCSELs
3.2.1 Two types of extreme events in VCSELs
3.3 Extreme events statistics
3.3.1 Deviation from a Gaussian distribution
3.3.2 Waiting times between successive events
3.4 Generation rate of extreme events
3.4.1 Vectorial Extreme events
3.4.2 Noise effect on the generation rate of EEs
3.4.3 Differences between Type-I and Type-II LFF
3.5 Modal competition effect on the EEs generation rate
3.6 Conclusion and perspective
4 Sustained oscillations accompanying polarization switching in a laser diode 
4.1 Square-wave modulation in optics
4.2 Bifurcation to high-frequency oscillation in square-wave regime
4.2.1 Description of the experimental setup
4.2.2 An overview on the observed dynamics
4.2.3 Effects of the feedback ratio and the injection current
4.2.4 Influence of the delay
4.3 Numerical Investigation
4.3.1 Rate equations for EEL subjected to a PROF
4.3.2 Bifurcation scenario leading to sustained oscillations
4.3.3 Influence to the delay
4.3.4 Effect of the laser parameters
4.3.4.1 Pump parameter P
4.3.4.2 Carrier to photon lifetime ratio T
4.3.4.3 Linewidth enhancement factor ®
4.3.4.4 Gain coefficient ratio k and TM additional losses ¯
4.3.5 Effect of noise
4.4 Analytical investigation on the sustained oscillations frequency
4.4.1 Steady states
4.4.2 Hopf bifurcations
4.4.3 Approximations
4.5 Conclusion and perspectives
5 Optical chimera in light polarization 
5.1 Chimera state : a coexistence of coherence and incoherence
5.1.1 Demonstration of spatially extended chimera states
5.1.1.1 Chemical oscillators
5.1.1.2 Optolectronic oscillators
5.1.1.3 Mechanical oscillators
5.1.2 Chimera states in optical spectrum and virtual-space
5.1.2.1 In the optical spectrum of a mode-locked laser
5.1.2.2 In a virtual space from a time-delay system
5.1.3 Discussion on optical chimera state
5.2 Chimera state in laser polarization
5.2.1 Experimental setup
5.2.2 Theoretical model
5.2.3 Observation of virtual chimera states
5.2.4 Stabilization of multi-headed chimeras with a 2nd delay
5.2.5 Multi-stability and chimera-heads mechanisms
5.2.6 Influence of the initialization and of the feedback strength
5.2.6.1 Influence of the initialization
5.2.6.2 Influence of the PROF strength
5.3 Conclusion
6 Conclusion 
6.1 Summary, contributions and perspectives
7 Résumé de la thèse 
Bibliography