Characterization of oxygenated species in coal liquefaction products : an overview

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Table of contents

PART AOXYGEN SPECIATION IN COAL DERIVED LIQUIDS
CHAPTER 1. CHARACTERIZATION OF OXYGENATED SPECIES IN COAL LIQUEFACTION PRODUCTS: AN OVERVIEW 
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Properties of coal-derived liquids
1.3 Characterization by One-dimensional Gas Chromatography
1.3.1 Selective characterization of oxygenates in coal-derived liquids by GC-AED
1.3.2 Applications of GC-MS to characterize oxygenates in coal liquids
1.4 Applications of Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography to unravel oxygenated structures in DCL
1.5 Characterization by Liquid Chromatography
1.5.1 Preparative Liquid Chromatography
1.5.2 High Performance Liquid Chromatography
1.6 Selective analysis of phenols and alcohols by NMR spectroscopy
1.7 Characterization of oxygenated compounds by FT-ICR/MS
1.8 Conclusion
CHAPTER 2. INVESTIGATING GC×GC TO OPTIMIZE THE SEPARATION OF OXYGENATED COMPOUNDS IN A DIRECT COAL LIQUEFACTION MIDDLE DISTILLATE
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Experimental
2.2.1 Samples
2.2.2 GC×GC-FID setup
2.2.3 GC×GC-ToF/MS
2.2.4 Data handling
2.2.5 Two-dimensional decisive factors
2.3 Results and discussion
2.3.1 Investigated configurations
2.3.2 Selection of the most adapted configuration
2.3.3 GC×GC-ToF/MS analysis of the selected configuration
2.4 Conclusion
CHAPTER 3. USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY TO CHARACTERIZE A DIRECT COAL LIQUEFACTION NAPHTHA
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Experimental
3.2.1 Materials
3.2.2 GC-ToF/MS setup
3.2.3 GC-GC-FID setup
3.2.4 GC×GC-FID
3.2.5 GC×GC-ToF/MS
3.3 Results and discussion
3.3.1 Speciation of oxygenated compounds by GC-ToF/MS
3.3.2 Towards a detailed characterization of oxygenates by GC-GC-FID
3.3.3 Speciation of oxygenated compounds using GC×GC
3.3.4 Comparison of the three techniques
3.4 Conclusion
CHAPTER 4. A NOVEL ANALYTICAL APPROACH FOR OXYGEN SPECIATION IN COAL-DERIVED LIQUIDS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and methods
4.2.1 Samples
4.2.2 Gas chromatography analysis
4.2.3 Mass spectrometry analysis
4.2.4 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis
4.2.5 UV-visible spectroscopy analysis
4.3 Results and discussion
4.3.1 Methodology
4.3.2 Detailed quantification of alcohols and phenols by GC×GC
4.3.3 Identification of phenols and carboxylic acids by FT-ICR/MS in the coal derived AGO
4.3.4 Global quantification of alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids by 31P NMR
4.3.5 Global quantification of ketones by UV-visible spectroscopy
4.3.6 Final quantitative assessment
4.4 Conclusion