Characterizing subsurface electric properties

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Table of contents

Acronyms
Notations
Index
Introduction
Chapter 1: Characterizing subsurface electric properties
1. Interaction of electromagnetic fields with matter
1.1. Maxwell’s equations
1.2. Frequency dependence of the relative permittivity
1.3. Propagation and diffusion domains
2. Electrical properties of natural matter
2.1. Water ice
2.2. Liquid water
2.3. Rocks
2.4. Chondrites
2.5. Lunar regolith
2.6. Martian analogs
2.7. Europa crust analog
3. Mixing laws
4. Methods for the characterization of subsurface electric properties
4.1. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)
4.2. Time Domain Electromagnetic Method (TDEM)
4.3. Self-impedance probes
4.4. Mutual impedance probes (MIP)
4.5. Radars
4.5.1. Radars in reflection
4.5.2. Radars in transmission
4.6. Microwave radiometers
4.7. Comparing techniques
5. Concluding remarks
Chapter 2: Mutual Impedance Probes, numerical modelling and performances
1. History and theory of surface Mutual Impedance Probes (MIP)
1.1. History of MIP
1.2. Mutual impedance for a quadrupole above a surface: derivation of the surface complex permittivity
2. Numerical modelling and Capacity-Influence Matrix method
2.1. Application to realistic problems
2.2. Derived complex permittivity
2.3. Comparing simple examples to more realistic cases
2.3.1. Finite size electrodes
2.3.2. Presence of conducting elements close to the electrodes
2.3.3. Influence of the electronics circuit
2.4. The Capacitance-Influence Matrix Method (CIMM)
2.5. Derivation of 𝝐𝒓
3. Validation of the use of numerical models
3.1. Method of image charges
3.1. Simplified model of a MIP
3.2. Comparison
4. Exploring the capabilities of the mutual impedance probes
4.1. Sensitivity of the transmitting electrodes
4.2. Sounding depth
4.3. Heterogeneous subsurfaces
4.3.1. Study cases
4.3.2. Derived permittivity
4.4. Maximizing the scientific output
5. Concluding remarks
Chapter 3: The SESAME-PP/Philae/Rosetta experiment: modelling approaches and performances
1. The SESAME-PP/Philae/Rosetta experiment
1.1. Comets and Rosetta’s mission objectives
1.1.1. Comets and their scientific interests
1.1.2. Scientific objectives and description of the Rosetta mission
1.2. Rosetta’s and Philae’s payload
1.2.1. Rosetta’s payload
1.2.2. Philae’s payload
1.2.3. Depth sounded
1.3. The SESAME-PP experiment
1.3.1. The SESAME package
1.3.2. The SESAME-PP experiment and operation modes
2. Modeling SESAME-PP
2.1. SESAME-PP numerical model
2.2. SESAME-PP lumped element model
2.3. Application of the Capacity-Influence Matrix Method
Step 1: Derivation of medium capacitance-influence matrix 𝐾𝑚
Step 2: Derivation of the electronic matrix 𝐾𝑒
Step 3: Solving the numerical model
2.4. SESAME-PP laboratory model
2.4.1. Description of the laboratory replica of SESAME-PP
2.4.2. Description of the Lander replica
2.5. Experimental tests in a controlled environment and validation of the numerical model
2.5.1. General considerations
2.5.2. Three-foot configuration measurements in a controlled environment
2.5.3. Five-electrode configuration in a controlled environment
2.6. Tests in a natural environment and comparison with the numerical model
2.6.1. Dachstein field campaign
2.6.2. Description of the area studied
2.6.3. Three-foot configuration measurements over an icy surface
2.7. Sounding depth of SESAME-PP
3. Concluding remarks
Chapter 4: Electrical properties and porosity of the first meter of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s nucleus as constrained by SESAME-PP/Philae/Rosetta
1. RDV, landing and escort
1.1. The cruise phase and Rosetta “rendez-vous “with 67P/C-G
1.2. Philae separation and landing at Abydos
1.3. Escort phase
2. Main results from the Rosetta mission
2.1. Nucleus
2.2. Coma
2.3. Context of the SESAME-PP measurements
3. SESAME-PP observations during the cruise, descent and landing
3.1. Cruise
3.2. Separation, Descent, Landing (SDL)
3.3. First Science Sequence (FSS) on the surface
4. Analysis of the SESAME-PP surface data
4.1. Approach
4.2. FSS passive measurements
4.3. Transmitted currents
4.4. Received potentials
4.4.1. Reconstruction of Philae attitude and environment at Abydos
4.4.2. Retrieval of the dielectric constant of the near surface of Abydos
5. Implications for the composition and porosity of the first meter of 67P/C-G’s nucleus
6. Concluding remarks
Chapter 5: The PWA-MIP/HASI/Huygens instrument, revisiting the data collected on the surface of Titan
1. The Cassini/Huygens mission and Titan
1.1. The Cassini/Huygens mission in brief
1.2. Titan after Cassini-Huygens
2. The PWA-MIP/HASI instrument
2.1. Description
2.1.1. Transmitting circuit
2.1.2. Receiving circuit
2.2. Numerical geometry model
2.3. Electronic model
2.4. Sounding depth
3. Data collected during descent and on the surface
3.1. Descent measurements
3.2. Surface measurements
4. Data calibration and analysis
4.1. Data calibration and electronic matrix
4.2. PWA-MIP/HASI configuration of operation at the Huygens landing site
4.3. Derived permittivity
4.4. Titan’s first meter surface composition
4.5. The 9539 s event
5. Electrical properties of analogues of Titan’s organic materials
5.1. Tholins
5.2. Description of the measurement bench
5.3. Measurement and derivation of the sample complex permittivity
6. Description of the samples
6.1. Frequency and temperature dependence
6.2. Porosity dependence
6.3. Derivation of the complex permittivity of bulk tholins
7. Constrains on Titan’s subsurface composition
6.2 The liquid inclusion model
7.1. Thin conductive surface layer model
8. Concluding remarks
Conclusion
Bibliography