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Table of contents
1 Introduction and Motivation
2 Clouds
2.1 Cloud formation and classification
2.2 Earth’s radiative balance and clouds
2.2.1 Scattering, absorption and extinction processes
2.2.2 Earth’s radiative equilibrium
2.2.3 Cloud radiative forcing
2.2.4 Cloud feedback on climate
3 Instruments for cloud observation
3.1 In-situ measurements
3.2 Remote Sensing
3.2.1 Passive sensors
3.2.2 Active sensors
3.3 Instruments used in this study
3.3.1 BASTA cloud radar
3.3.2 HATPRO microwave radiometer
3.3.3 Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) on tethered balloon during SOFOG- 3D experiment
3.4 Observation platforms
3.5 Observation sites and field campaigns used in this study
3.5.1 SIRTA
3.5.2 SOFOG-3D
4 Prerequisites and overview of the literature for LWC retrieval
4.1 Microphysical parameters of liquid phase clouds
4.2 Classification of hydrometeors
4.3 Atmospheric Attenuation
4.4 Cloud radar based techniques for LWC retrieval
4.4.1 Empirical relation
4.4.2 Spectral Analysis
4.4.3 Multi-sensor retrieval techniques
5 LWC estimation using radar-microwave radiometer synergy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methodology of LWC retrieval
5.2.1 Optimal estimation formulation
5.2.2 Definition of the state and observation vectors
5.2.3 Description of the forward model and Jacobian matrix
5.2.4 Discussion of the retrieval uncertainty
5.2.5 Analysis of the method when microwave radiometer is available
5.3 Sensitivity analysis of retrieval algorithm using synthetic data
5.3.1 Description of synthetic data
5.3.2 Sensitivity analysis of impact of error in observation
5.3.3 Sensitivity analysis of impact of attenuation due to liquid droplets model
5.3.4 Sensitivity analysis of bias in Z and LWP
5.3.5 Sensitivity analysis of LWP assimilation
5.3.6 Sensitivity of parameter b
5.3.7 Analysis of the sensitivity exercise
5.4 Comparison of LWC retrieval with in-situ data
5.4.1 Presentation of the case study of 09 February 2020
5.4.2 Comparison between in-situ and radar measurements
5.5 Statistical analysis of retrievals to derive climatology
5.6 BASTA standalone LWC retrieval using climatology
5.6.1 BASTA standalone LWC retrieval approach
5.6.2 BASTA standalone LWC retrieval first assessment using LWP retrieved from MWR
6 Conclusion and outlook
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Outlook
