Cooling and Trapping Sr Atoms

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Table of contents

1 Introduction 
1.1 Characterization of Optical Frequency Standards
1.2 State-of-the-Art Optical Clocks
1.2.1 87Strontium Optical Lattice Clocks
1.2.2 88Strontium Optical Lattice Clocks
1.3 Thesis At-a-Glance
2 Atoms in the Dipole Trap Potential 
2.1 Dipole Trap
2.2 Dipole Polarizability Atoms in the Dipole Trap Potential 
2.3 The Magic-Wavelength
2.4 1D Optical Lattice
2.5 Lamb-Dicke Regime
2.6 Ultrahigh Resolution Spectroscopy
3 Clock Operation 
3.1 Cooling and Trapping Sr Atoms
3.2 Lattice Laser Systems
3.3 Loading Atoms in the Dipole Trap
3.4 State Preparation
3.5 Stabilization of the Clock Light
3.6 Clock Spectroscopy and Detection
4 Evaluation of Systematic Effects 
4.1 The Zeeman Shifts
4.2 The Black Body Radiation Shift
4.3 The Lattice Light Shifts
4.3.1 The Scalar and Tensor Shifts
4.3.2 The Vector Shift
4.3.3 Hyperpolarizability
4.4 The Density Shift
4.5 The Probe Light AC Shift
4.6 The Line Pulling Shift
4.7 The Background Gas Collision Shift
4.8 AOM Phase Chirp
4.9 The DC Stark Shift
4.10 Servo Error
4.11 The Accuracy Budget
5 Comparisons of Optical Clocks 
5.1 Applications of Clock Comparisons
5.1.1 Confirmation of an Accuracy Budget
5.1.2 Variation of Fundamental Constants
5.1.3 Dark Matter
5.1.4 Astronomy
5.1.5 Special Relativity Theory
5.1.6 General Relativity Theory
5.1.7 Time Scales
5.2 Methods for Frequency Transfer
5.2.1 Local Comparisons
5.2.2 Comparisons by Satellite
5.2.3 Comparisons by Fiber Link
5.3 Gravitational Redshift Corrections
5.4 Sr-Sr Comparison
5.5 Sr-Microwave Standards Comparisons
5.6 Sr-Hg Comparison
5.7 SYRTE-PTB
5.8 SYRTE-NPL
5.9 Test of Special Relativity
6 Temps Atomique International 
6.1 A Timescale with Optical Clocks
6.2 Reliability of Clocks
6.3 Estimation of Uncertainty of Dead Times
6.4 Contribution to TAI
6.5 SYRTE-NICT
7 A Lattice with Semiconductor Sources 
7.1 Methods
7.1.1 Coherent Light in the Cavity
7.1.2 Incoherent Light in the Cavity
7.1.3 Filtering System
7.1.4 Theory
7.1.5 Experiment
7.2 Titanium-Sapphire Laser
7.3 Slave Diodes
7.4 Tapered Amplifier
7.4.1 Model of the ASE Background
7.5 Results
7.5.1 Dependence on Temperature
7.5.2 Filtering of the Slave Spectrum
7.5.3 Filtering by Band Filter
7.5.4 Filtering of the TA Spectrum
8 Summary 
Appendices 
A List of publications
B Résumé 
B.1 Principe de fonctionnement
B.2 Évaluation des effets systématiques
B.3 Comparaisons d’horloges
B.3.1 Comparaison locale de deux horloges au strontium
B.3.2 Comparaisons locales d’horloges d’espèces différentes
B.3.3 Comparaisons intracontinentales
B.4 Vers une redéfinition de la seconde fondée sur une transition optique
B.4.1 Horloges au strontium opérationnelles
B.4.2 Contribution au TAI
B.4.3 Comparaisons intercontinentales
B.5 Un réseau optique avec des sources semi-conducteurs
B.6 Conclusion
Bibliography