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Table of contents
Chapter 1. State of the art on land-atmosphere exchanges
1.1 Concepts description
1.1.1 The surface energy balance
1.1.2 The water budget
1.1.3 The carbon budget
1.2 Observation techniques of land surface exchanges
1.2.1 Eddy covariance method
1.2.2 Scintillometry technique
1.2.3 Lysimetry
1.2.4 Sap flow method
1.3 Modeling of the land surface budgets and fluxes
1.3.1 Surface energy balance models
1.3.2 SVAT models
1.4 Carbon balance
Some main ideas of this chapter
Chapter 2. Site description, data, and model presentation
2.1 General introduction
2.2 Site description and data
2.2.1 Site description
2.2.2 Experimental data sets
2.2.2.1 Biophysical measurements
2.2.2.2 Meteorological measurements
2.2.2.3 Soil measurements
2.2.2.4 Eddy covariance measurements
2.2.2.5 Soil respiration measurements
2.2.2.6 Sap flow measurements
2.2.2.7 LANDSAT land surface temperature
2.2.2.8 MODIS leaf area index
2.2.3 Data processing
2.2.3.1 Eddy covariance data treatment
2.2.3.2 Partitioning of the net fluxes
2.3 Model description and implementation
2.3.1 ISBA-A-gs
2.3.1.1 The surface energy balance
2.3.1.2 Vertical transfer of water and energy within the soil
2.3.1.3 Description of the carbon processes
2.3.2 ISBA-A-gs-MEB
2.3.2.1 The surface energy balance
2.3.2.2 Additional parameterization
2.4 Forcing information
2.5 Model implementation
2.6 Definition of statistical metrics
Some main ideas of this chapter
Some general definitions
Chapter 3. Surface energy balance and flux partitioning of annual crops in southwestern France
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Surface state categorization
3.2.2 Selection of contrasting years
3.2.3 The sensible heat advection term
3.3 Results
3.3.1 General considerations on SEB for both sites
3.3.1.1 Analysis of the ground heat flux term
3.3.1.2 How significant are the storage terms in the SEB?.
3.3.1.3 Annual and monthly variability of the energy balance closure
3.3.1.4 Dependence of the energy budget components on time of the day
3.3.2 Overview of the energy balance closure for contrasted years
3.3.2.1 Dependency on atmospheric parameters
3.3.3 Dependency of SEB on crop phenological stages and rainfall
3.3.3.1 Effect of the plant functioning on the SEB and its partitioning
3.3.3.2 Effect of rainfall
3.3.4 Impact of sensible heat advection on the surface energy balance
3.3.5 Effect of time averaging on the energy closure
3.4 Conclusions
Some main ideas of this chapter
Chapter 4. Estimation and partitioning of surface energy fluxes over a maize and wheat using a land surface model
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and methods
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 Experimental data analysis
4.3.1.1 Meteorological conditions and vegetation characteristics
4.3.1.2 Energy balance closure..
4.3.2 Assessment of the ISBA and ISBA-MEB models
4.3.2.1 The Energy Budget…
4.3.2.2 The soil moisture
4.3.2.3 Transpiration
4.3.3 Inter-annual variability of the water budget
4.4 Conclusions
Some main ideas of this chapter
Chapter 5 Estimating carbon components over maize and wheat using a LSM
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methodology
5.2.1 Sensitivity analysis and calibration
5.3 Results
5.3.1 Experimental data analysis
5.3.1.1 Comparison between three methods of soil respiration monitoring.
5.3.2 Assessment of ISBA-MEB for carbon exchanges
5.3.3 Net annual ecosystem production
5.4 Conclusions
Some main ideas of this chapter
Chapter 6 General conclusions (in English)
6.1 General conclusion
6.1.1 The surface energy balance closure
6.1.2 The energy and water budget
6.1.2 The carbon balance
Chapter 6 Conclusion générale (in French)
6.1 Conclusion générale
6.1.1 Le bilan énergétique de surface
6.1.2 Le bilan énergétique et hydrique
6.1.3 Le bilan carbone
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