Effect of the Electromagnetic Environment

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Table of contents

1. INTRODUCTION 
2. REVIEW OF THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS ON MACROSCOPIC CHARGE QUANTIZATION IN THE SINGLE ELECTRON BOX 
2.1 The nonnal electron box
2.1.1 The Coulomb staircase and the Coulomb sawtooth at T=0
2.1.2 Macroscopic charge quantization at finite temperature
2.1.3 Quantum fluctuations of the island charge
2.1.4 Tunneling rate in the electron box
2.2 The normaVsuperconducting electron box
2.2.1 Odd-even symmetry breaking and 2e-quantization in the normaVsuperconducting electron box at T=0
2.2.2 Effect of finite temperature
2.2.3 Calculation of the odd-even free energy difference D(T,H)
2.2.4 Influence of the magnetic field
2.2.5 Observability of the 2e-quantization of the macroscopic charge
2.3 The superconducting electron box
2.3.1 Josephson coupling between the charge states of the box
2.3.2 Effect of the electromagnetic environment
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON THE ELECTRON BOX 
3.1 Normal case
3.1.1 Paper 1: direct observation of macroscopic charge quantization
3.2 Superconducting case
3.2.1 Paper 2: measurement of the even-odd free energy difference of an isolated superconductor
3.2.2 Paper 3: 2e-quantization of the charge on a superconductor
4. CHARGE TRANSFER ACCURACy 
4.1 Theoretical Predictions
4.1.1 Paper 4: passing electrons one by one: is a 10-8 accuracy achievable?
4.1.2 Paper 5: nondivergent calculation of unwanted high-order tunneling rates in single-electron devices
4.2 Experimental results
4.2.1 Paper 6: Direct observation of macroscopic charge quantization
a Millikan experiment in a submicron solid state device
5. CONCLUSION 
APPENDIX 1: total energy of a general tunnel junctions circuit
APPENDIX 2: fabrication of the superconducting/normal tunnel junctions 
APPENDIX 3: the single electron transistor