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Table of contents
1 Introduction
2 Nuclear fusion and basic plasma physics
2.1 Introduction to nuclear fusion
2.2 Magnetic confinement fusion using tokamaks
3 Turbulence and geodesic acoustic modes in fusion plasmas
3.1 Turbulence
3.1.1 Introduction to turbulence
3.1.2 Turbulence in tokamaks
3.1.3 Turbulence spectra
3.1.4 Energy flow and interactions
3.2 Linear instabilities
3.2.1 Drift waves
3.2.2 Core turbulence instabilities
3.3 Shear flows and turbulence suppression
3.4 Zonal flows and geodesic acoustic modes
3.4.1 Zonal flows
3.4.2 Geodesic acoustic mode
3.4.3 GAM properties and state of GAM research
4 ASDEX Upgrade tokamak
4.1 Details and operation
4.2 Heating systems
4.3 Important diagnostics
4.4 Plasma configuration
5 Doppler reflectometry
5.1 Wave propagation and reflectometry
5.2 ASDEX Upgrade V-band Doppler reflectometers
6 Data analysis
6.1 Determining Doppler shift and amplitude
6.1.1 Density profile reconstruction
6.1.2 Beam tracing code torbeam
6.1.3 Doppler shift measurements
6.2 GAM detection
6.3 Comparison of sliding window FFT and MUSIC techniques
6.4 Cross-correlation techniques
6.4.1 Spatio-temporal cross-correlation
6.4.2 Two-point correlation method
7 GAM frequency scaling
7.1 Description of experiments
7.2 Comparison to existing models
7.2.1 Comparison with Winsor’s basic scaling
7.2.2 Comparison with Conway’s heuristic model
7.2.3 Comparison with Angelino’s fluid model
7.2.4 Comparison with Sugama and Watanabe’s gyrokinetic model .
7.2.5 Comparison with Gao’s gyrokinetic model
7.3 Further influences on the GAM frequency
7.4 Discussion
8 GAM amplitude scaling
8.1 GAM amplitude scaling with κb and q
8.2 GAM drive
8.3 GAM damping
8.3.1 Collisionless damping for negligible kr
8.3.2 Collisionless damping with finite orbit width effects
8.3.3 Comparison of the collisionless damping rates
8.3.4 Collisional damping
8.4 Discussion
9 GAM structure and propagation
9.1 Description of experiments
9.2 GAM structure
9.2.1 Multiple eigenmode GAMs
9.2.2 Continuum GAM
9.2.3 Single eigenmode GAM
9.2.4 Width of GAM region
9.3 GAM propagation
9.3.1 Cross-correlation tilt and cross-phase derivative
9.3.2 Two-point correlation method
9.4 Magnetic GAM signature and structure
9.5 Discussion
10 Summary and conclusion
Bibliography
