Excessive withdrawal of groundwater

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Table of contents

WHY DOING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS?
1.1. FEEDING THE PLANET WITHOUT DESTROYING IT
1.1.1. Agriculture is feeding the planet, but has many impacts on the environment
1.1.2. An increasing pressure…
1.1.3. Identify the environmental hot spots and mitigation options
1.2. LCA OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS: CHALLENGES
1.2.1. LCA methodology
1.2.2. The cause and effect chain or environmental “pathway”
1.2.3. Why applying LCA to agricultural systems is relevant?
1.2.4. The inventory: a crucial LCA stage for agricultural systems
1.2.5. One limitation of LCA relates to the modelling of freshwater use impacts.
1.3.2. The importance of scales
1.4. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 1 HOW TO ASSESS THE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH WATER USE IN AGRICULTURAL LCA?
1.1. WATER FOOTPRINTS TERMINOLOGIES
1.2. AN OVERVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT METHODS
1.3. INVENTORY SCHEMES: WATER QUANTITY, QUALITY AND SOURCE
1.3.1. The inventory scheme depends on the impact assessment method
1.3.2. The water sources must be distinguished as they might face different scarcities/availabilities
1.3.3. Water quality has to be inventoried as quality degradation may contribute to water deprivation
1.4. MIDPOINT IMPACT ASSESSMENT: WATER SCARCITY OR AVAILABILITY?
1.4.1. Water indices are used as characterisation factors
1.4.2. Water scarcity indicators vs. water availability indicators
1.4.3. Open questions on characterisation factors
1.4.4. Spatial and temporal scales: consistency with the goal and scope of the study
1.4.5. Water indices versus fate and effect modelling
1.5. ENDPOINT IMPACT ASSESSMENT: GAPS AND OVERLAPPING
1.6. OPERATIONALIZATION
1.7. WATER IS A RESOURCE, BUT ALSO A VECTOR OF POLLUTANTS, NUTRIENTS AND SALTS
1.8. THESIS SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 2 SALINISATION IMPACTS IN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT: A REVIEW OF CHALLENGES AND OPTIONS TOWARDS THEIR CONSISTENT INTEGRATION
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2. SALINISATION ENVIRONMENTAL MECHANISMS
2.2.1. Salinity
2.2.2. Human interventions causing soil and water salinisation
2.2.3. Water and soil salinisation damages to Ecosystems, Human health and Resources
2.2.4. Complexities related with salinisation in space and time
2.3. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SALINISATION IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODS IN LCA
2.3.1. Salinisation associated with irrigation: Feitz and Lundie (2002)
2.3.2. Salinisation associated with overuse of a water body: Amores et al. (2013)
2.3.3. Salinisation associated with brine disposal: Zhou et al. (2013b)
2.3.4. Salinisation associated with salt release: Leske and Buckley (2003; 2004a; 2004b)
2.3.5. Lack of consistent frameworks
2.4. TOWARDS A CONSISTENT FRAMEWORK FOR SALINISATION IMPACTS ASSESSMENT IN LCA: METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
2.4.1. Context of LCIA for assessing salinisation impacts
2.4.2. Modelling options for the different salinisation types
2.4.3. Toward operationalisation
2.5. CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 3 INVENTORY OF FIELD WATER FLOWS FOR AGRI-FOOD LCA: CRITICAL REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF MODELLING OPTIONS
ABSTRACT
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER INVENTORY DATABASES
3.2.1. Water inventory and agri-food LCA databases
3.2.2. Limitations of water inventory and agri-food LCA databases
3.3. MODELLING OPTIONS FOR FIELD WATER FLOWS INVENTORY IN AGRICULTURAL LCA STUDIES
3.3.1. Model specifications description
3.3.2. Modelling approach selection
3.3.3. Further developments of models, tools and databases
3.4. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4 E.T.: AN OPERATIONAL FIELD WATER AND SALT FLOWS MODEL FOR AGRICULTURAL LCA ILLUSTRATED ON CITRUS
ABSTRACT
4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.2. MATERIAL AND METHOD: FIELD WATER AND SALT FLOWS MODEL PRESENTATION
4.2.1. Model specifications and general principles
4.2.2. E.T. Model description
4.2.3. Validity domain of E.T.
4.2.4. Model testing
4.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: MODEL TESTING
4.3.1. Comparison of E.T. outputs to other model formalisms
4.3.2. Sensitivity of E.T. model outputs to parameters’ variations
4.3.3. Testing of E.T. model for different scenarios of practice
4.3.4. Model with degraded data
4.3.5. Model limitations and improvement perspectives
4.3.6. Model usage recommendations
4.3.7. Model outputs comparison with databases
4.3.8. Model usage within a LCA study
4.4. CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF A PERENNIAL CROP INCLUDING AN IN-DEPTH ASSESSMENT OF WATER USE IMPACTS: THE CASE OF A MANDARIN IN MOROCCO
ABSTRACT
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
5.2.1. Geographical context
5.2.2. LCA goal and scope
5.2.3. Inventory of Moroccan mandarin production: from cradle-to-farm-gate
5.2.4. Life cycle impact and damage assessment
5.2.5. COMPARISON WITH PUBLISHED LCA STUDIES ON CITRUS
5.3. RESULTS
5.3.1. Market gate – midpoint
5.3.2. Farm gate – midpoint
5.3.3. Farm gate – endpoint
5.4. DISCUSSION
5.4.1. Comparison with published references on citrus
5.4.2. Water – energy nexus
5.4.3. Water use impacts
5.4.4. Perspectives
5.5. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION AND PERSPECTIVES (IN FRENCH)
COMMENT MIEUX EVALUER LES IMPACTS ASSOCIES AUX FLUX D’EAU ET DE SELS ?
COMMENT REALISER UN INVENTAIRE PERTINENT DES FLUX D’EAU ET DE SELS MOBILISES DANS LES SYSTEMES AGRICOLES ? .
EST-IL POSSIBLE D’APPLIQUER LE MODELE D’INVENTAIRE DES FLUX D’EAU ET LES INDICATEURS ASSOCIES POUR EVALUER DES
PRATIQUES AGRICOLES ?
GENERAL CONCLUSION (IN FRENCH)
PUBLICATIONS LIST
PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS
PRESENTATIONS IN CONFERENCES
PARTICIPATION IN BOOKS AND REPORTS
ANNEXES
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Geographical context
2.2. LCA goal and scope
2.3. Inventory of Moroccan tomato production: from cradle-to-farm-gate
2.4. Life cycle impact and damage assessment
2.5. LCA comparison of Moroccan and French off-season tomato production
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Environmental impacts of the Moroccan off-season tomato production and delivery
3.2. LCA comparison of imported Moroccan and local French production systems
3.3. The need for a reliable inventory for accurately modelling the impacts of freshwater use
4. CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES