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Table of contents
Introduction
I. Background
I.1. Cooling water systems
I.1.1. Importance of cooling water systems
I.1.2. Types of cooling water systems and heat exchangers in power supply facilities
I.1.3. Materials
I.1.4. Operating problems in cooling water systems
I.1.4.1. Scaling
I.1.4.2. Fouling
I.1.4.3. Biofouling and Microbially Influenced Corrosion (MIC)
I.2. Biofilms
I.2.1. Introduction
I.2.2. Conditioning films
I.2.3. EPS and biofilm architecture
I.2.3.1. Exopolysaccharides
I.2.3.2. Extracellular proteins
I.2.3.3. Extracellular nucleic acids
I.2.3.4. Surfactants and lipids
I.2.3.5. Interaction of EPS with metals
I.3. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)
I.3.1. Composition and physico-chemical properties
I.3.2. Structure/conformation
I.4. Bacterial culture (Pseudomonas NCIMB 2021)
I.5. Conclusions
II. Experimental
II.1. Materials, electrolytes, biomolecules, and bacteria
II.1.1. Metallic materials
II.1.2. Electrolytes
II.1.3. Biomolecules
II.1.3.1. BSA
II.1.3.2. EPS extracted from Pseudomonas NCIMB 2021
II.2. Experimental techniques
II.2.1. Electrochemical measurements
II.2.1.1. Electrochemical cell
II.2.1.2. Instrumentation
II.2.1.3. Ecorr vs time
II.2.1.4. Polarisation curves
II.2.1.5. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
II.2.1.5.1. Principle
II.2.1.5.2. Impedance data analysis
II.2.2. Surface analysis
II.2.2.1. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
II.2.2.1.1. Principle
II.2.2.1.2. Instrumentation
II.2.2.1.3. Data processing
II.2.2.2. Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)
II.2.2.2.1. Principle
II.2.2.2.2. Instrumentation
III. Electrochemical behaviour and surface chemical composition of 70Cu-30Ni alloy after short-term immersion in artificial seawater and filtered natural seawater
III.1. Results
III.1.1. Static conditions
III.1.1.1. Electrochemical measurements
III.1.1.2. Surface analysis
III.1.2. Effect of hydrodynamics
III.1.2.1. Comparison static conditions/under flow and stirring
III.1.2.1.1. Electrochemical measurements
III.1.2.1.2. Surface analysis
III.1.2.2. Electrochemical measurements using a RRE
III.1.2.2.1. Theory for a Rotating Ring Electrode
III.1.2.2.2. Experimental results obtained with a RRE
III.2. Discussion
III.2.1. Impedance model for 70Cu-30Ni
III.2.2. Surface layers models (combined XPS and ToF-SIMS)
III.2.3. Conclusions
IV. Influence of biomolecules adsorption on the electrochemical behaviour and the surface chemical composition of 70Cu-30Ni alloy in seawater
IV.1. Results
IV.1.1. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)
IV.1.1.1. Static conditions
IV.1.1.1.1. Electrochemical measurements
IV.1.1.1.2. Surface analysis
IV.1.1.2. Effect of hydrodynamics
IV.1.1.2.1. Effect of hydrodynamics on the surface chemical composition (comparison static conditions/under flow and stirring)
IV.1.1.2.2. Electrochemical measurements using a RRE
IV.1.2. EPS from Pseudomonas NCIMB 2021
IV.1.2.1. Electrochemical measurements
IV.1.2.2. Surface analysis
IV.2. Discussion
IV.2.1. Analysis of impedance data
IV.2.2. Surface layer models (combined XPS and ToF-SIMS)
IV.2.3. Organic layers (XPS)
IV.3. Conclusions
V. Influence of biomolecules adsorption on the electrochemical behaviour and the surface chemical composition of passive materials (304L stainless steel, Ti)
V.1. Electrochemical measurements
V.1.1. Titanium
V.1.2. 304L stainless steel
V.2. Surface analysis
V.2.1. Titanium
V.2.2. 304L stainless steel
V.3. Discussion
V.3.1. Surface layers models (combined XPS and ToF-SIMS)
V.3.2. Analysis of impedance data
V.3.3. Organic layer
V.4. Conclusions
VI. General conclusions and future work
References
