General flow characteristics

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Table of contents

Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Aim
3 Method and sources
3.1 Air injection
3.2 Water injection
4 Structure
5 Theory
5.1 Francis turbine
5.2 General flow characteristics
5.3 Deleterious flow effects
5.3.1 Vortex breakdown
5.3.2 Vortex rope
5.3.3 Hydro acoustic resonance
5.4 Countermeasures
5.4.1 Air injection
5.4.2 Water injection
5.4.3 Other countermeasures
5.5 Case study Lövhöjden power plant
6 Results
6.1 Technical summary
6.1.1 Air injection
6.1.2 Water injection
6.2 Economic summary
6.2.1 Air injection
6.2.2 Water injection
6.3 Case study
7 Analysis, discussion and conclusions
8 Proceeding work/Research/Recommendations
9 Appendix