Honey bees and the environment : a double-sided relationship

For more info about our services contact : help@bestpfe.com

Table of contents

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 The honey bee
1.2 Honey bees and the environment: a double-sided relationship
1.3 Routes of exposure of honey bees to pesticides
1.3.1 Exposure via direct contact
1.3.2 Exposure via indirect contact
1.3.3 Exposure via ingestion
1.3.4 Combined exposure to multiple pesticides
1.4. Pesticide effects and toxicity
1.4.1 Lethal effects
1.4.2 Sublethal effects
1.4.3 Effects on biochemical-physiological changes
1.5 Aims of the research
2 STUDY OF THE HONEY BEE EXPOSURE TO NEONICOTINOIDS AND FIPRONIL CONTAMINATED DUSTS
Preface
2.1 Effects of clothianidin contaminated dusts – laboratory and semi-field study
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Materials and methods
2.1.3 Results
2.1.4 Discussion and conclusions
2.2. Effects of indirect contact with neonicotinoids and fipronil contaminated dusts – laboratory study
2.2.1 Materials and methods
2.2.2 Results and discussion
2.3 Effect of indirect contact with clothianidin contaminated dusts on orientation –field study
2.3.1 Materials and methods
2.3.2 Results and discussion
3 STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PESTICIDES ON BIOCHEMICALPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
3.1 Chronic effect of three Cry toxins and combined effect of Bt and fipronil on adult honey bees: toxicity and physiological changes
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Materials and methods
3.1.3 Results
3.1.4 Discussion and conclusions
3.2 Honey bees combined exposure to Bt spores and deltamethrin: toxicity and physiological changes
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Materials and methods
3.2.3 Results
3.2.4 Discussion and conclusions
3.3 Physiological changes induced by a combined treatment with difenoconazole and deltamethrin
3.3.1 Materials and methods
3.3.2 Results and discussion
4 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
5 REFERENCES
6 ANNEX – EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
6.1 Protein extraction
6.2 Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) activity assay
6.3 Catalase (CAT) activity assay
6.4 Superoxyde dismutase (SOD) activity assay
6.5 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay
6.6 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity assay
6.7 Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity assay
6.8 List of abbreviations